Methods and compositions for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer resistant to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (alk) kinase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of a cancer that is resistant to at least one anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) kinase inhibitor are provided herein. The present invention is based on the discovery of mutations within ALK that confer resistance to at least one ALK kinase inhibitor. Polynucleotides and polypeptides having at least one ALK inhibitor resistance mutation are provided and find use in methods and compositions useful in the diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment of diseases associated with aberrant ALK activity, more particularly, those that are resistant to at least one ALK kinase inhibitors. Methods and compositions are also provided for the identification of agents that can inhibit the kinase activity and/or reduce the expression level of the ALK resistance mutants.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with United States Government support undergrant number CA69129 awarded by the National Cancer Institute, adivision of the National Institutes of Health. The United StatesGovernment has certain rights in the invention.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS A TEXT FILE VIA EFS-WEB

The official copy of the sequence listing is submitted electronicallyvia EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file named382741SEQLIST.TXT, created on Apr. 14, 2010, and having a size of 951kilobytes and is filed concurrently with the specification. The sequencelisting contained in this ASCII formatted document is part of thespecification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the detection and treatmentof cancers that are resistant to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) kinaseinhibitors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inthe insulin receptor superfamily initially identified in one of itsconstitutively activated oncogenic fusion forms—nucleophosmin(NPM)-ALK—in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (Morris et al. (1994)Science 263:1281-1284; Morris et al. (1997) Oncogene 14:2175-2188).Subsequent studies have identified ALK fusions in subsets of diffuselarge B-cell lymphomas, malignant histiocytosis, inflammatorymyofibroblastic tumor sarcomas, esophageal squamous cell carcinomas,breast cancers, colorectal carcinomas, and non-small cell lungcarcinomas (reviewed in Webb et al. (2009) Expert Rev Anticancer Ther9:331-356). Most recently, genomic DNA amplification and proteinoverexpression, as well as activating point mutations, of ALK have beenshown to cause neuroblastomas (Webb et al. (2009) Expert Rev AnticancerTher 9:331-356; George et al. (2008) Nature 455:975-979). In addition tothese cancers for which a causative role for aberrant ALK activity iswell validated, more circumstantial links implicate ALK in the genesisof yet other malignancies, such as glioblastoma, via a mechanism ofreceptor activation involving autocrine and/or paracrine growth loopswith the reported ALK ligands, pleiotrophin and midkine (Webb et al.(2009) Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 9:331-356).

The involvement of mutant, constitutively activated forms of ALK in thisbroad spectrum of cancers has engendered considerable interest amongpharmaceutical and biotech firms in the development of ALK inhibitorsanalogous to the small-molecule kinase inhibitors imatinib (Gleevec,Novartis) and erlotinib (Tarceva, Genentech/OSI) that target the Abelson(ABL) kinase and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase,respectively. Since 2001, eight ATP-competitive small-molecule kinaseinhibitors (including imatinib and erlotinib) have been approved forvarious cancer indications in the United States (reviewed in Webb et al.(2009) Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 9:331-356). Although these drugs haveproven extremely valuable as anticancer agents—perhaps best exemplifiedby the therapeutic benefit realized in patients with chronic myeloidleukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) followingadministration of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, Novartis), the use ofthese inhibitors in the clinic has led to the emergence ofdrug-resistant tumors (O'Hare et al. (2007) Blood 110:2242-2249;Engelman and Settleman (2008) Curr Opin Genet Dev 18:1-7; Bikker et al.(2009) J Med Chem 52:1493-1509). This resistance has been attributed toa number of mechanisms including the amplification of the gene encodingthe oncogenic kinase as well as the activation of alternative signalingpathways; however, the most common mechanism mediating ATP-competitivekinase inhibitor resistance is the development of individual or groupsof mutations within or near the kinase catalytic domains of the kinasetargets (O'Hare et al. (2007) Blood 110:2242-2249; Engelman andSettleman (2008) Curr Opin Genet Dev 18:1-7; Bikker et al. (2009) J MedChem 52:1493-1509). These mutations preclude high-affinity interactionsof the inhibitors with their kinase targets while leaving ATP binding bytheir catalytic domains intact. The emergence of clinical resistance tokinase inhibitors and identification of the kinase domain mutations thatconfer such resistance have engendered the design and development offollow-on drugs to treat patients whose tumors no longer respond totherapy with first-generation agents

Robust diagnostic assays to detect the presence of resistance mutationsin the ALK kinase domain are needed for clinical application to confirmthe mechanism of resistance in cancer patients who become resistant totherapy with ALK kinase inhibitors, and to permit the informed selectionby physicians of second-generation inhibitors for the management ofpatients with first-generation inhibitor-resistant tumors. No assays forthe detection of ALK inhibitor resistance currently exist. Theidentification of these mutations will also serve to guide the informeddesign and synthesis of second- and later-generation inhibitors of ALKdeveloped to inhibit these mutant forms of ALK that are resistant tofirst-generation inhibitors.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compositions and methods for the identification, prognosis, diagnosis,and treatment of cancers that are resistant to or are geneticallypredisposed to be resistant to ALK kinase inhibitors are provided. Thepresent invention is based on the discovery of novel mutations in ALKthat confer resistance to ALK kinase inhibitors, such as PF-0234166.Polypeptides comprising the ALK inhibitor-resistance mutations andpolynucleotides encoding the same are provided and find use asbiomarkers for use in methods for detecting the resistance mutations andin diagnosing those cancers that are resistant or likely to developresistance to ALK kinase inhibitors. Antibodies that specifically bindALK polypeptides comprising the disclosed resistance mutations, kitscomprising the antibodies, and kits comprising polynucleotide(s) capableof specifically detecting or specifically amplifying a polynucleotideencoding an ALK having an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation are alsoprovided herein for the detection of the resistance mutations inbiological samples. Further provided are methods for identifying agentsthat specifically bind to and/or inhibit the activity of ALK or ALKoncogenic fusion proteins comprising the resistance mutations.

The following embodiments are encompassed by the present invention:

1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of:

-   -   a) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5, 7, 9, 11,        13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27, 29, 31, 98, 100, or 102;    -   b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO:6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30,        32, 99, 101, or 103;    -   c) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:5 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:6,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a serine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   d) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:7 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:8,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   e) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:10,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a valine        residue thereof at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1129 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   f) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:11 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:12,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1132 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   g) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:13 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:14,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a        methionine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   h) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:15 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:16,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a        tyrosine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1156 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   i) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:17 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:18,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a        cysteine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   j) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:19 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:20,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        isoleucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   k) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:21 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:22,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a valine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   l) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:25 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:26,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        arginine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1202 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   m) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:27 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:28,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        asparagine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   n) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:29 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:30,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1210 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   o) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:31 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:32,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1269 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   p) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:98 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:99,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1406 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   q) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:100 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:101,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1408 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor; and,    -   r) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:102 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:103,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a        leucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor.

2. The isolated polynucleotide of embodiment 1, wherein saidpolynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   a) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:5 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:6,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a serine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   b) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:7 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:8,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   c) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:10,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a valine        residue thereof at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1129 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   d) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:11 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:12,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1132 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   e) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:13 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:14,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a        methionine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   f) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:15 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:16,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a        tyrosine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1156 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   g) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:17 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:18,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a        cysteine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   h) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:19 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:20,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        isoleucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   i) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:21 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:22,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a valine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   j) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:25 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:26,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        arginine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1202 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   k) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:27 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:28,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        asparagine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   l) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:29 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:30,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1210 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   m) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:31 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:32,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having an        alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1269 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   n) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:98 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:99,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1406 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   o) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:100 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:101,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1408 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide        encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant        to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor; and,    -   p) a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:102 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:103,        wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a        leucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor.

3. The isolated polynucleotide of embodiment 1, wherein saidpolynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   a) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:33, 35, 37,        39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, or 104;    -   b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO:34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56,        58, 60, 62, 64, or 105;    -   c) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, 55, 57,        59, 61, 63, or 104, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a        polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant to at least        one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor; and    -   d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an        amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ        ID NO: 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62,        64, or 105, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide        having kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK        small-molecule kinase inhibitor.

4. The isolated polynucleotide of embodiment 3, wherein saidpolynucleotide further comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an ALKoncogenic fusion protein partner, and wherein said polynucleotideencodes an ALK oncogenic fusion protein.

5. The isolated polynucleotide of embodiment 4, wherein said ALKoncogenic fusion protein partner is selected from the group consistingof nucleophosmin (NPM), non-muscle tropomyosin 3 (TPM3),5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMPcyclohydrolase (ATIC), clathrin heavy chain (CLTC), TRK-fused gene(TFG), non-muscle tropomyosin 4 (TPM4), moesin (MSN), Ran-bindingprotein 2 (RanBP2), echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4(EML4), cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS), kinesin family member 5B(KIF5B), non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), SEC31 homolog A(SEC31L1), and ring finger protein 213 (RNF213)/ALK lymphomaoligomerization partner on chromosome 17 (ALO17).

6. The isolated polynucleotide of embodiment 5, wherein said ALKoncogenic fusion protein partner has the amino acid sequence set forthin SEQ ID NO:97.

7. The isolated polynucleotide of embodiment 1, wherein saidpolynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   a) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65, 67, 69,        71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, or 106;    -   b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88,        90, 92, 94, 96, or 107;    -   c) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO: 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 85, 87, 89,        91, 93, 95, or 106, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a        polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant to at least        one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor; and    -   d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an        amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ        ID NO: 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94,        96, or 107, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide        having kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK        small-molecule kinase inhibitor.

8. The isolated polynucleotide of any one of embodiments 1-7, whereinsaid ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of PF-0234166, NVP-TAE684, staurosporine,7-hydroxystaurosporine, CEP-14083, CEP-14513, CEP-28122, pyridone 14,pyridone 15, CRL151104A, and WZ-5-126.

9. The isolated polynucleotide of embodiment 8, wherein said ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor is PF-02341066.

10. An expression cassette comprising the isolated polynucleotide of anyone of embodiments 1-9 operably linked to a promoter.

11. A host cell comprising the expression cassette of embodiment 10.

12. An isolated polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, 8, 10, 12,        14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 99, 101, 103;    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein the polypeptide has a serine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1123        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one anaplastic lymphoma kinase        (ALK) small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   c) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the polypeptide has an alanine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   d) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:10, wherein the polypeptide has a valine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1129        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   e) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the polypeptide has a lysine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1132        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   f) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:14, wherein the polypeptide has a methionine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has        kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK        small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   g) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:16, wherein the polypeptide has a tyrosine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1156 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   h) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:18, wherein the polypeptide has a cysteine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   i) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:20, wherein the polypeptide has an isoleucine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has        kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK        small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   j) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:22, wherein the polypeptide has a valine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1174        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   k) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:26, wherein the polypeptide has an arginine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1202 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   l) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:28, wherein the polypeptide has an asparagine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has        kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK        small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   m) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:30, wherein the polypeptide has a lysine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1210        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   n) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:32, wherein the polypeptide has an alanine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1269 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   o) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:99, wherein the polypeptide has a lysine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1406        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   p) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:101, wherein the polypeptide has a lysine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1408 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor; and,

q) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQID NO:103, wherein the polypeptide has a leucine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polypeptide has kinase activity that is resistant to atleast one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor.

13. The isolated polypeptide of embodiment 12, wherein said polypeptidecomprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein the polypeptide has a serine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1123        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one anaplastic lymphoma kinase        (ALK) small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the polypeptide has an alanine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   c) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:10, wherein the polypeptide has a valine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1129        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   d) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the polypeptide has a lysine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1132        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   e) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:14, wherein the polypeptide has a methionine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has        kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK        small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   f) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:16, wherein the polypeptide has a tyrosine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1156 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   g) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:18, wherein the polypeptide has a cysteine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   h) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:20, wherein the polypeptide has an isoleucine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has        kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK        small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   i) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:22, wherein the polypeptide has a valine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1174        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   j) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:26, wherein the polypeptide has an arginine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1202 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   k) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:28, wherein the polypeptide has an asparagine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has        kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK        small-molecule kinase inhibitor;    -   l) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:30, wherein the polypeptide has a lysine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1210        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   m) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:32, wherein the polypeptide has an alanine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1269 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor;    -   n) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:99, wherein the polypeptide has a lysine residue at        the position corresponding to amino acid residue position 1406        of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor;    -   o) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:101, wherein the polypeptide has a lysine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1408 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor; and,    -   p) an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:103, wherein the polypeptide has a leucine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has kinase        activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule        kinase inhibitor.

14. The isolated polypeptide of embodiment 12, wherein said polypeptidecomprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:34, 36, 38,        40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, or 105; and    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO: 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58,        60, 62, 64, or 105, wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor.

15. The isolated polypeptide of embodiment 14, wherein said polypeptidefurther comprises an ALK oncogenic fusion protein partner, thus formingan ALK oncogene fusion protein.

16. The isolated polypeptide of embodiment 15, wherein said ALKoncogenic fusion protein partner is selected from the group consistingof nucleophosmin (NPM), non-muscle tropomyosin 3 (TPM3),5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMPcyclohydrolase (ATIC), clathrin heavy chain (CLTC), TRK-fused gene(TFG), non-muscle tropomyosin 4 (TPM4), moesin (MSN), Ran-bindingprotein 2 (RanBP2), echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4(EML4), cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS), kinesin family member 5B(KIF5B), non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), SEC31 homolog A(SEC31L1), and ring finger protein 213 (RNF213)/ALK lymphomaoligomerization partner on chromosome 17 (ALO17).

17. The isolated polypeptide of embodiment 16, wherein said ALKoncogenic fusion protein partner has the amino acid sequence set forthin SEQ ID NO:97.

18. The isolated polypeptide of embodiment 12, wherein said polypeptidecomprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66, 68, 70,        72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, or 107; and    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO: 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90,        92, 94, 96, or 107, wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase        inhibitor.

19. The isolated polypeptide of any one of embodiments 12-18, whereinsaid ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of PF-0234166, NVP-TAE684, staurosporine,7-hydroxystaurosporine, CEP-14083, CEP-14513, CEP-28122, pyridone 14,pyridone 15, CRL151104A, and WZ-5-126.

20. The isolated polypeptide of embodiment 19, wherein said ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor is PF-02341066.

21. A non-human transgenic animal that has been altered to express anALK resistance mutant polypeptide that is resistant to at least one ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide has at least one ALK kinase inhibitor resistance mutantresidue selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) a serine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   b) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   c) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1129 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   d) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1132 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   e) a methionine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   f) a tyrosine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1156 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   g) a cysteine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   h) an isoleucine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   i) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   j) a leucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   k) an arginine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1202 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   l) an asparagine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   m) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1210 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   n) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1269 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   o) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1406 of SEQ ID NO:2; and,    -   p) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1408 of SEQ ID NO:2.

22. An antibody that specifically binds an ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinaseinhibitor, wherein said ALK resistance mutant polypeptide has at leastone ALK kinase inhibitor resistance mutant residue selected from thegroup consisting of:

-   -   a) a serine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   b) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   c) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1129 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   d) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1132 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   e) a methionine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   f) a tyrosine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1156 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   g) a cysteine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   h) an isoleucine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   i) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   j) a leucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   k) an arginine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1202 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   l) an asparagine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   m) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1210 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   n) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1269 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   o) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1406 of SEQ ID NO:2; and,    -   p) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1408 of SEQ ID NO:2.

23. The antibody of embodiment 22, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide comprises the isolated polypeptide of any one of embodiments12-20.

24. A kit for detecting an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation in abiological sample comprising the antibody of embodiment 22 or 23.

25. The kit of embodiment 24, further comprising chemicals for thedetection of antibody binding to ALK.

26. A kit for detecting an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation in abiological sample comprising a reagent comprising at least onepolynucleotide that can specifically detect or specifically amplify anALK resistance mutant polynucleotide having an ALK inhibitor resistancemutation, wherein said ALK resistance mutant polynucleotide encodes anALK resistance mutant polypeptide that is resistant to at least one ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide has at least one ALK kinase inhibitor resistance mutantresidue selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) a serine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   b) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   c) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1129 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   d) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1132 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   e) a methionine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   f) a tyrosine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1156 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   g) a cysteine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   h) an isoleucine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   i) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   j) a leucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   k) an arginine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1202 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   l) an asparagine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   m) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1210 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   n) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1269 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   o) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1406 of SEQ ID NO:2; and,    -   p) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1408 of SEQ ID NO:2.

27. The kit of embodiment 26, wherein said at least one polynucleotidethat can specifically detect or specifically amplify an ALK resistancemutant polynucleotide is capable of specifically detecting orspecifically amplifying the polynucleotide of any one of embodiments1-9.

28. The kit of embodiment 26, wherein said reagent comprises a pair ofprimers that amplify an amplicon comprising said ALK inhibitorresistance mutation.

29. The kit of embodiment 26, wherein said reagent comprises at leastone probe comprising a polynucleotide sequence that hybridizes understringent conditions to said ALK resistance mutant polynucleotide andthereby detects the ALK inhibitor resistance mutation.

30. A method for assaying a biological sample for an ALK inhibitorresistance mutation comprising contacting said biological sample withthe antibody of embodiment 22 and detecting binding of said antibody toALK having the ALK inhibitor resistance mutation.

31. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely todevelop resistance to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitorin a patient having cancer that is associated with aberrant ALK activitycomprising assaying a biological sample from said patient for thepresence of an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, said method comprisingcontacting said biological sample with the antibody of embodiment 22,and detecting binding of said antibody to ALK having said ALK inhibitorresistance mutation, wherein the presence of said ALK having said ALKinhibitor resistance mutation is indicative of said patient having acancer that is resistant to or likely to develop resistance to at leastone ALK small molecule kinase inhibitor.

32. A method for assaying a biological sample for an ALK inhibitorresistance mutation comprising contacting said biological sample with areagent comprising at least one polynucleotide that can specificallydetect or specifically amplify an ALK resistance mutant polynucleotidehaving an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, wherein said ALK resistancemutant polynucleotide encodes an ALK resistance mutant polypeptide thatis resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor,wherein said ALK resistance mutant polypeptide has at least one ALKkinase inhibitor resistance mutant residue selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   a) a serine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   b) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   c) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1129 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   d) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1132 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   e) a methionine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   f) a tyrosine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1156 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   g) a cysteine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   h) an isoleucine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   i) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   j) a leucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   k) an arginine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1202 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   l) an asparagine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   m) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1210 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   n) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1269 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   o) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1406 of SEQ ID NO:2; and,    -   p) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1408 of SEQ ID NO:2.

33. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely todevelop resistance to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitorin a patient having cancer that is associated with aberrant ALK activitycomprising assaying a biological sample from said patient for thepresence of an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, said method comprisingcontacting said biological sample with a reagent comprising at least onepolynucleotide that can specifically detect or specifically amplify anALK resistance mutant polynucleotide having an ALK inhibitor resistancemutation, wherein said ALK resistance mutant polynucleotide encodes anALK resistance mutant polypeptide that is resistant to at least one ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide has at least one ALK kinase inhibitor resistance mutantresidue selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) a serine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   b) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   c) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1129 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   d) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1132 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   e) a methionine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   f) a tyrosine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1156 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   g) a cysteine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   h) an isoleucine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   i) a valine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   j) a leucine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   k) an arginine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1202 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   l) an asparagine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   m) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1210 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   n) an alanine residue at the position corresponding to amino        acid residue position 1269 of SEQ ID NO:2;    -   o) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1406 of SEQ ID NO:2; and,    -   p) a lysine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid        residue position 1408 of SEQ ID NO:2;

and detecting the presence or absence of said ALK inhibitor resistancemutation in said biological sample, wherein the presence of said ALKinhibitor resistance mutation is indicative of said patient having acancer that is resistant to or likely to develop resistance to at leastone ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor.

34. The method of embodiment 32 or 33, wherein said at least onepolynucleotide that can specifically detect or specifically amplify anALK resistance mutant polynucleotide is capable of specificallydetecting or specifically amplifying the polynucleotide of any one ofembodiments 1-9.

35. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely todevelop resistance to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitorin a subject comprising assaying a biological sample from said subjectfor the presence of an ALK oncogenic fusion protein having an ALKinhibitor resistance mutation, said method comprising contacting saidbiological sample with an antibody that specifically binds thepolypeptide of any one of embodiments 15-17; and detecting binding ofsaid antibody to said ALK oncogenic fusion protein having an ALKresistance mutation; wherein the presence of said ALK oncogenic fusionprotein having an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation is indicative ofsaid subject having a cancer that is resistant to or likely to developresistance to at least one ALK small molecule kinase inhibitor.

36. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely todevelop resistance to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitorin a subject comprising assaying a biological sample from said subjectfor the presence of a polynucleotide encoding an ALK oncogenic fusionprotein having an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, said methodcomprising contacting said biological sample with a reagent comprisingat least one polynucleotide that can specifically detect or specificallyamplify the polynucleotide encoding an ALK oncogenic fusion proteinhaving an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, wherein said at least onepolynucleotide is capable of specifically detecting or specificallyamplifying the polynucleotide according to any one of embodiments 4-6;and detecting the presence or absence of said polynucleotide encoding anALK oncogenic fusion protein having said ALK inhibitor resistancemutation in said biological sample; wherein the presence of saidpolynucleotide encoding said ALK oncogenic fusion protein having saidALK inhibitor resistance mutation is indicative of said subject having acancer that is resistant to or likely to develop resistance to at leastone ALK small molecule kinase inhibitor.

37. The method of any one of embodiments 30-36, wherein said ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofPF-0234166, NVP-TAE684, staurosporine, 7-hydroxystaurosporine,CEP-14083, CEP-14513, CEP-28122, pyridone 14, pyridone 15, CRL151104A,and WZ-5-126.

38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein said ALK small-molecule kinaseinhibitor is PF-02341066.

39. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely todevelop resistance to PF-02341066 in a patient having a cancer that isassociated with aberrant ALK activity comprising assaying a biologicalsample from said patient for the presence of an ALK inhibitor resistancemutation, said method comprising contacting said biological sample withan antibody that specifically binds an ALK resistance mutant polypeptidethat is resistant to PF-02341066, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide has a methionine residue at the position corresponding toamino acid residue position 1196 of SEQ ID NO:2; and detecting bindingof said antibody to ALK having said ALK resistance mutation, wherein thepresence of said ALK having said ALK inhibitor resistance mutation isindicative of said patient having a cancer that is resistant to orlikely to develop resistance to PF-02341066.

40. The method of embodiment 39, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; and    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the polypeptide has a methionine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1196 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has        kinase activity that is resistant to PF-02341066;

41. The method of embodiment 39, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52; and    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:52, wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to PF-02341066.

42. The method of embodiment 41, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide further comprises an ALK oncogenic fusion protein partner,thus comprising an ALK oncogenic fusion protein.

43. The method of embodiment 39, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:84; and    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:84, wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to PF-02341066.

44. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely todevelop resistance to PF-02341066 in a patient having cancer that isassociated with aberrant ALK activity comprising assaying a biologicalsample from said subject for the presence of an ALK inhibitor resistancemutation, said method comprising:

-   -   a) contacting said biological sample with a reagent comprising        at least one polynucleotide that can specifically detect or        specifically amplify an ALK resistance mutant polynucleotide        having an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, wherein said ALK        resistance mutant polynucleotide encodes an ALK resistance        mutant polypeptide that is resistant to PF-02341066, wherein        said ALK resistance mutant polypeptide has a methionine residue        at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position        1196 of SEQ ID NO:2; and,    -   b) detecting the presence or absence of said ALK inhibitor        resistance mutation in said biological sample, wherein the        presence of said ALK inhibitor resistance mutation is indicative        of said patient having a cancer that is resistant to or likely        to develop resistance to PF-02341066.

45. The method of embodiment 44, wherein said ALK resistance mutantpolynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   a) a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence set forth in        SEQ ID NO: 23, 51, or 83;    -   b) a polynucleotide encoding the amino acid sequence set forth        in SEQ ID NO:24, 52, or 84; and,    -   c) a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ        ID NO: 23, 51, or 83, or a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid        sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:24,        52, or 84, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide        having a methionine residue at the position corresponding to        amino acid residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the        polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that        is resistant to PF-02341066.

46. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely todevelop resistance to PF-02341066 in a subject comprising assaying abiological sample from said subject for the presence of an ALK oncogenicfusion protein having an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, said methodcomprising:

-   -   a) contacting said biological sample with an antibody that        specifically binds an ALK oncogenic fusion protein comprising a        polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:        -   i) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52; and        -   ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence            identity to SEQ ID NO:52, wherein the polypeptide has kinase            activity that is resistant to PF-02341066; and,    -   b) detecting binding of said antibody to said ALK oncogenic        fusion protein having an ALK resistance mutation; wherein the        presence of said ALK oncogenic fusion protein having an ALK        inhibitor resistance mutation is indicative of said subject        having a cancer that is resistant to or likely to develop        resistance to PF-02341066.

47. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely todevelop resistance to PF-02341066 in a subject comprising assaying abiological sample from said subject for the presence of a polynucleotideencoding an ALK oncogenic fusion protein having an ALK inhibitorresistance mutation, said method comprising:

-   -   a) contacting said biological sample with a reagent comprising        at least one polynucleotide that can specifically detect or        specifically amplify a polynucleotide encoding an ALK oncogenic        fusion protein wherein said polynucleotide encoding an ALK        oncogenic fusion protein comprises a polynucleotide selected        from the group consisting of:        -   i) a polynucleotide having the nucleotide sequence set forth            in SEQ ID NO: 51;        -   ii) a polynucleotide encoding the amino acid sequence set            forth in SEQ ID NO:52; and,        -   iii) a polynucleotide having at least 90% sequence identity            to SEQ ID NO:51, or a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid            sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID            NO:52, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide            having a methionine residue at the position corresponding to            amino acid residue position 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein            the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase            activity that is resistant to PF-02341066; and,    -   b) detecting the presence or absence of said polynucleotide        encoding an ALK oncogenic fusion protein having said ALK        inhibitor resistance mutation in said biological sample; wherein        the presence of said polynucleotide encoding said ALK oncogenic        fusion protein having said ALK inhibitor resistance mutation is        indicative of said subject having a cancer that is resistant to        or likely to develop resistance to PF-02341066.

48. The method of embodiment 46 or 47, wherein said ALK oncogenic fusionprotein comprises an ALK oncogenic fusion protein partner selected fromthe group consisting of nucleophosmin (NPM), non-muscle tropomyosin 3(TPM3), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotideformyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC), clathrin heavy chain(CLTC), TRK-fused gene (TFG), non-muscle tropomyosin 4 (TPM4), moesin(MSN), Ran-binding protein 2 (RanBP2), echinoderm microtubule-associatedprotein-like 4 (EML4), cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS), kinesin familymember 5B (KIF5B), non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), SEC31 homologA (SEC31L1), and ring finger protein 213 (RNF213)/ALK lymphomaoligomerization partner on chromosome 17 (ALO17).

49. The method of embodiment 48, wherein said oncogenic fusion proteinpartner has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:97.

50. The method of any one of embodiments 32-34, 36, 44, 45, and 47,wherein detecting said polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acidsequencing technique, a nucleic acid amplification method, or a nucleicacid hybridization technique.

51. The method of any one of embodiments 31, 33, 35, 36, and 39-49,wherein said cancer is selected from the group consisting of a largeB-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), malignanthistiocytosis, an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor sarcoma, anesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, a breast cancer, a colorectalcarcinoma, a non-small cell lung carcinoma, a neuroblastoma, a bladdercancer, a renal cancer, and a glioblastoma.

52. The method of any one of embodiments 31, 33, 35, 36, and 39-49,further comprising selecting a therapy for said patient.

53. A method of specifically reducing the expression of an ALKresistance mutant that is resistant to at least one ALK small-moleculekinase inhibitor, said method comprising introducing into a cellexpressing said ALK resistance mutant a silencing element that targets agene encoding said ALK resistance mutant, wherein the introduction orexpression of said silencing element specifically reduces the expressionof said ALK resistance mutant, wherein said ALK resistance mutant is thepolypeptide of any one of embodiments 12-20.

54. A method of treating a cancer associated with aberrant ALK activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor,said method comprising administering an effective amount of a silencingelement that targets a gene encoding an ALK resistance mutant that isresistant to said at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor,wherein the introduction or expression of said silencing element reducesthe expression of said ALK resistance mutant, wherein said ALKresistance mutant is the polypeptide of any one of embodiments 12-20.

55. A method of treating a cancer associated with aberrant ALK activitythat is resistant to PF-02341066, said method comprising administeringan effective amount of a silencing element that targets a gene encodingan ALK resistance mutant that is resistant to PF-02341066, wherein theintroduction or expression of said silencing element reduces theexpression of said ALK resistance mutant, wherein said ALK resistancemutant is a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected fromthe group consisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24; and    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:24, wherein the polypeptide has a methionine        residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue        position 1196 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide has        kinase activity that is resistant to PF-02341066.

56. The method of embodiment 55, wherein said polypeptide comprises anamino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:52; and    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:52, wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to PF-02341066.

57. The method of embodiment 56, wherein said polypeptide furthercomprises an ALK oncogenic fusion protein partner, thus comprising anALK oncogenic fusion protein.

58. The method of embodiment 55, wherein said polypeptide comprises anamino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:84; and    -   b) an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity        to SEQ ID NO:84, wherein the polypeptide has kinase activity        that is resistant to PF-02341066.

59. The method of any one of embodiments 54-58, wherein said cancer isselected from the group consisting of a large B-cell lymphoma,anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), malignant histiocytosis, aninflammatory myofibroblastic tumor sarcoma, an esophageal squamous cellcarcinoma, a breast cancer, a colorectal carcinoma, a non-small celllung carcinoma, a neuroblastoma, a bladder cancer, a renal cancer, and aglioblastoma.

60. A method of identifying an agent capable of inhibiting the kinaseactivity of an ALK resistance mutant or ALK fusion protein comprising:

-   -   a) contacting a candidate agent with the polypeptide of any one        of embodiments 12-20; and,    -   b) determining whether said candidate agent inhibits the kinase        activity of said polypeptide.

61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein said polypeptide is expressedin a eukaryotic cell; wherein said polypeptide is the polypeptide of anyone of embodiments 15-17; and wherein determining whether said agentinhibits the kinase activity of said polypeptide comprises monitoringsaid cell for at least one change in cellular activity selected from thegroup consisting of:

-   -   a) inhibition of cell growth;    -   b) stimulation of cell death;    -   c) inhibition of anchorage independent growth; and,    -   d) inhibition of cell migration or invasion;

wherein an agent that induces at least one of said changes in cellularactivity is identified as an inhibitor of the ALK resistance mutant.

62. The method of embodiment 60, wherein a non-human animal has beenaltered to express said polypeptide or wherein eukaryotic cellsexpressing said polypeptide have been introduced into a non-humananimal; wherein said polypeptide is the polypeptide of any one ofembodiments 15-17; wherein determining whether said agent inhibits thekinase activity of said polypeptide comprises monitoring said non-humananimal for tumor growth; and wherein a reduction in tumor growth isindicative of an agent that inhibits the kinase activity of saidpolypeptide.

63. The method of embodiment 60, wherein said polypeptide is expressedin a eukaryotic cell; wherein said polypeptide is the isolatedpolypeptide of embodiment 12 or 18; wherein the kinase activity of saidpolypeptide is activated; and wherein determining whether said agentinhibits the kinase activity of said polypeptide comprises monitoringsaid cell for at least one change in cellular activity selected from thegroup consisting of:

-   -   a) inhibition of cell growth;    -   b) stimulation of cell death;    -   c) inhibition of anchorage independent growth; and,    -   d) inhibition of cell migration or invasion;

wherein an agent that induces at least one of said changes in cellularactivity is identified as an inhibitor of the ALK resistance mutant.

64. A method of identifying an agent capable of specifically binding apolypeptide of any one of embodiments 12-20 comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) contacting a candidate agent with said polypeptide of any one        of embodiments 13-21; and,    -   b) determining whether said candidate agent specifically binds        said polypeptide.

65. The method of embodiment 64, wherein said polypeptide is in anactive or inactive state.

These and other aspects of the invention are disclosed in more detail inthe description of the invention given below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the results of death curves in response to PF-02341066 thatwere performed as previously described (Lagisetti et al. (2009) J MedChem 52:6979-6990) with a 72-hour XTT assay on BaF3 cell clonesexpressing either native NPM-ALK (“NPM-ALK/BaF3”) or NPM-ALK engineeredto contain one of three inhibitor resistance mutations (L1196M, G1202R,or D1203N) in the kinase domain. Parental BaF3 cells (“BaF3”) were alsotested as a normal, non-ALK-dependent cell control. IC₅₀ values ofPF-02341066 for each of the cell clones can be found in Table 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Compositions of the invention include ALK polypeptides, polynucleotidesencoding the same, and variants and fragments thereof that are resistantto ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitors. ALK or anaplastic lymphomakinase, which is also known as cluster designation CD246, is a member ofthe insulin receptor superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. The ALKpolypeptide is a single-chain transmembrane protein comprising anextracellular ligand-binding region, a transmembrane-spanning domain,and a cytoplasmic kinase catalytic region. ALK is encoded by a genomiclocus found at the chromosomal band 2p23 in the human (Morris et al.(1994) Science 263:1281-1284; Shiota et al. (1994) Oncogene9:1567-1574), and on the distal mouse chromosome 17 (Mathew et al.(1995) Cytogenet. Cell. Genet. 70:143-144).

ALK polynucleotides and polypeptides are known in the art for variousspecies. The genomic sequence for human ALK is set forth in Genbankaccession number NC_(—)000002.11. The coding sequence for human ALK canbe found in Genbank accession number U62540 and is set forth in SEQ IDNO: 1 and the encoded human ALK polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Mouse and Drosophila ALK cDNA have Genbank accession numbers ofD83002 and AAF36990, respectively. Human ALK is a 1620-amino acid (aa)polypeptide, whereas the mouse ALK is 1621 aa in length and the fruitfly ALK polypeptide is 1701 aa. The human ALK cDNA codes for apolypeptide of 177-kDa, but with post-translational modifications, suchas N-glycosylation, the mature ALK is approximately 200-220 kDa.

ALK polypeptides comprise a variety of conserved structural domains. The1030-amino acid long extracellular domain of human ALK contains severalmotifs, including a 26 amino acid amino-terminal signal peptidesequence, and the binding sites (located at residues 391-401) for theendogenous ligands pleiotrophin and midkine The 28-amino acidtransmembrane domain (located at residues 1031-1058 of SEQ ID NO:2) isfollowed by a 64-amino acid cytoplasmic juxtamembrane segment thatcomprises a binding site (located at residues 1093-1096) forphosphotyrosine-dependent interaction with the IR substrate-1. Theminimal kinase domain (residues 1116-1383) includes a threetyrosine-containing motif (tyrosines 1278, 1282, and 1283) within itsactivation loop. These tyrosine residues are autophosphorylation sitesthat regulate the activation loop conformation, blocking access of ATPto the ATP-binding pocket in its nonphosphorylated state and swingingoutward and away from the binding pocket to allow unimpeded entry of ATPduring the kinase-activation process following phosphorylation of thetriplet tyrosines (Tartani et al. (2008) J Biol Chem 283:3743-3750).While residues 1116-1383 of ALK encompass the minimal kinase domain,residues E1406 and E1408 are required for optimal activity and areconsidered part of the extended kinase domain. The 244-amino acid ALKcarboxy terminus contains a phosphotyrosine-dependent binding site(residues 1504-1507) for the substrate protein Src homology 2 domaincontaining (SHC) and an interaction site (residues 1603-1606) for thephosphotyrosine-dependent binding of phospholipase C-γ.

The nervous system-predominant expression profile of ALK suggests thatthe kinase plays a role in the development or functioning of the nervoussystem; however, ALK knockout mice are viable and exhibit no readilyobvious abnormalities (Iwahara et al. (1997) Oncogene 14:439-449; Morriset al. (1997) Oncogene 14:2175-2188; Loren et al. (2001) Genes Cells6:531-544; Pulford et al. (1997) Blood 89:1394-1404). Further studies ofALK knockout mice revealed that the mice display an “antidepressantprofile”, suggesting that ALK may be involved in the pathophysiology ofcognitive and/or mood disorders (Bilsland et al. (2008)Neuropsychopharmacology 33:684-700).

Although genomic DNA amplification and protein overexpression, as wellas activating point mutations, of ALK have been shown to causeneuroblastomas (Webb et al. (2009) Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 9:331-356;George et al. (2008) Nature 455:975-979) and full-length ALK has beenimplicated in the genesis of yet other malignancies, such asglioblastoma (Webb et al. (2009) Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 9:331-356),most cancers associated with aberrant ALK activity are due to theformation of oncogenic ALK fusion proteins that exhibit constitutivekinase activity. Thus, ALK polynucleotides and polypeptides useful inmethods for detecting the presently disclosed resistance mutations, indiagnosing those cancers that are resistant or likely to developresistance to ALK kinase inhibitors, and in methods for identifyingagents that specifically bind to and/or inhibit the activity of ALK orALK oncogenic fusion proteins comprising the resistance mutationsinclude those that comprise the kinase domain, the full-length ALK, orthe ALK oncogenic fusion proteins.

An “ALK oncogenic fusion” or “ALK oncogenic fusion protein” is apolypeptide comprising an amino terminal fusion partner and a fragmentof the ALK polypeptide at the carboxy terminus. The fusion of the twoproteins results in the constitutive activation of the kinase activityof ALK through oligomerization mediated by an oligomerization domain inthe amino terminal fusion partner and subsequent constitutivetransmission of growth-promoting cellular signals. ALK activation causesincreased cell proliferation and apoptosis at least partially due toactivation of the protein kinase C(PKC), mitogen-activated proteinkinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Inaddition, activation of ALK enhances cell migration and invasion andpromotes anchorage independent growth of cells. In some embodiments, theamino-terminal partner protein is one that is widely expressed in normalcells and its promoter is responsible for the aberrant expression of theencoded fusion protein. Naturally-occurring ALK oncogenic fusions arethe result of chromosomal translocations.

As used herein, “ALK oncogenic fusion partner” or “ALK oncogenic fusionprotein partner” refers to the amino-terminal fragment of the ALKoncogenic fusion comprising an oligomerization domain.

Naturally-occurring oncogenic fusion partners are known in the art andinclude, but are not limited to, nucleophosmin (NPM), non-muscletropomyosin 3 (TPM3), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotideformyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC), clathrin heavy chain(CLTC), TRK-fused gene (TFG), non-muscle tropomyosin 4 (TPM4), moesin(MSN), Ran-binding protein 2 (RanBP2), echinoderm microtubule-associatedprotein-like 4 (EML4), cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS), kinesin familymember 5B (KIF5B), non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), SEC31 homologA (SEC31L1), and ring finger protein 213 (RNF213)/ALK lymphomaoligomerization partner on chromosome 17 (ALO17) (see Webb et al. (2009)Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 9:331-356, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety, for review). Table 1 provides accessionnumbers for the genomic and coding sequences of each ALK oncogenicfusion partner, along with reference to the coding sequence of thefragment that fuses with ALK.

TABLE 1 ALK oncogenic fusion partners. SEQ ID NO: of coding sequenceGenomic Coding for ALK oncogenic DNA sequence partner fusion Name Acc.No. Acc. No. fragment ALO17/RNF213 NT_010783 NM_020914 108 ATICNT_005403 NM_004044 109 CARS NT_009237 NM_001014437 110 CLTC NT_010783NM_004859 111 EML4 variant 1 NT_022184 NM_019063 112 EML4 variant 2NT_022184 NM_019063 113 EML4 variant 3a NT_022184 NM_019063 114 EML4variant 3b NT_022184 NM_019063 115 EML4 variant 4 NT_022184 NM_019063116 EML4 variant 5 NT_022184 NM_019063 117 EML4 variant 5a NT_022184NM_019063 118 EML4 variant 5b NT_022184 NM_019063 119 EML4 variant 6NT_022184 NM_019063 120 EML4 variant 7 NT_022184 NM_019063 121 KIF5BNT_008705 NM_004521 122 MSNa NT_011669 NM_002444 123 MSNb NT_011669NM_002444 124 MYH9 NT_011520 NM_002473 125 NPM NT_034772 NM_002520 126RanBP2 NT_022171 NM_006267 127 SEC31L1 Type 1 NT_016354 NM_014933 128SEC31L1 Type 2 NT_016354 NM_014933 129 TFG_(S) NT_005612 NM_006070 130TFG_(L) NT_005612 NM_006070 131 TFG_(S) _(XL) NT_005612 NM_006070 132TPM3 NT_004487 NM_152263 133 TPM4 Type 1 NT_011295 NM_003290 134 TPM4Type 2 NT_011295 NM_003290 135

Approximately sixty percent of anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL)and about 60% of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs), aslow-growing sarcoma that mainly affects children and young adults, havethe NPM-ALK fusion protein. (Armitage et al. (2001) Cancer: Principleand Practice of Oncology, 6th edition, 2256-2316; Kutok and Aster (2002)J. Clin. Oncol. 20:3691-3702; Lawrence et al. (2000) Am. J. Pathol.157:377-384). The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the NPM-ALKfusion is set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4, respectively, and thefragment of NPM that is fused to ALK in NPM-ALK oncogenic fusionproteins is set forth in SEQ ID NO:97. Except for MSN-ALK andTPM3/TPM4-ALK (which differ only slightly from all other ALK fusionswith respect to the portion of ALK incorporated into them), all knownchimeric ALK proteins contain the entire intracytoplasmic portion ofALK, corresponding to amino acid residues 1058-1620 of ALK (SEQ IDNO:2). Such a fragment of ALK is referred to herein as an “ALK fusionfragment”.

Described herein are ALK mutants that are resistant to ALK kinaseinhibitors, which are also referred to herein as ALK inhibitorresistance mutants or ALK resistance mutants. ALK resistance mutantpolypeptides include the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs:6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32 (mutated ALK kinasedomains); SEQ ID NOs: 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58,60, 62, 64 (mutated ALK fusion fragments); and SEQ ID NOs: 66, 68, 70,72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, and 96 (mutated full-lengthALK polypeptides) and variants and fragments thereof. Likewise, ALKresistance mutant polynucleotides include the nucleotide sequences setforth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27, 29, 31(mutated ALK kinase domains); SEQ ID NOs: 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45,47, 49, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63 (mutated ALK fusion fragments); and SEQID NOs: 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, and 95(mutated full-length ALK polynucleotides) and variants and fragmentsthereof as well as polynucleotides that encode the ALK resistance mutantpolypeptides set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62,64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, and 96 andvariants and fragments thereof.

An “ALK resistance mutation” or “ALK inhibitor resistance mutation” is achange in the nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence of native ALKthat confers resistance of the ALK polypeptide to at least one ALKkinase inhibitor. The identified ALK resistance mutations (which arepoint mutations resulting in a substitution of a single amino acidresidue) at both the polynucleotide and polypeptide levels are disclosedin Table 1. It is understood that additional polynucleotide mutationsmay result in the same amino acid substitution due to codon degeneracy.

As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” is intended to encompass asingular nucleic acid, as well as plural nucleic acids, and refers to anucleic acid molecule or construct, e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA), plasmidDNA (pDNA), or short interfering RNA (siRNA). A polynucleotide can besingle-stranded or double-stranded, linear or circular and can becomprised of DNA, RNA, or a combination thereof. A polynucleotide cancomprise a conventional phosphodiester bond or a non-conventional bond(e.g., an amide bond, such as found in peptide nucleic acids (PNA)). Theterm “nucleic acid” refers to any one or more nucleic acid segments,e.g., DNA or RNA fragments, present in a polynucleotide. The“polynucleotide” can contain modified nucleic acids, such asphosphorothioate, phosphate, ring atom modified derivatives, and thelike. The “polynucleotide” can be a naturally occurring polynucleotide(i.e., one existing in nature without human intervention), a recombinantpolynucleotide (i.e., one existing only with human intervention), or asynthetically derived polynucleotide.

Polynucleotides can encode a polypeptide or protein. By “encoding” or“encoded,” with respect to a specified nucleic acid, is meant comprisingthe information for transcription into a RNA and in some embodiments,translation into the specified protein. A nucleic acid encoding aprotein may comprise non-translated sequences (e.g., introns) withintranslated regions of the nucleic acid, or may lack such interveningnon-translated sequences (e.g., as in cDNA). The information by which aprotein is encoded is specified by the use of codons. Typically, theamino acid sequence is encoded by the nucleic acid using the “universal”genetic code. However, variants of the universal code, such as ispresent in some plant, animal, and fungal mitochondria, the bacteriumMycoplasma capricolumn (Yamao, et al., (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA82:2306-9) or the ciliate Macronucleus, may be used when the nucleicacid is expressed using these organisms.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide” or “protein” is intended toencompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides,” andrefers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linkedby amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds). The term “polypeptide”refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does notrefer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides,tripeptides, oligopeptides, “protein,” “amino acid chain,” or any otherterm used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, areincluded within the definition of “polypeptide,” and the term“polypeptide” can be used instead of, or interchangeably with any ofthese terms.

An “isolated” or “purified” polynucleotide or protein, or biologicallyactive portion thereof, is substantially or essentially free fromcomponents that normally accompany or interact with the polynucleotideor protein as found in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, anisolated or purified polynucleotide or protein is substantially free ofother cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinanttechniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or otherchemicals when chemically synthesized. Optimally, an “isolated”polynucleotide is free of sequences (optimally protein encodingsequences) that naturally flank the polynucleotide (i.e., sequenceslocated at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the polynucleotide) in the genomic DNAof the organism from which the polynucleotide is derived. For example,in various embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide can contain lessthan about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, or 0.1 kb of nucleotidesequence that naturally flank the polynucleotide in genomic DNA of thecell from which the polynucleotide is derived. A protein that issubstantially free of cellular material includes preparations of proteinhaving less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) ofcontaminating protein. When the protein of the invention or biologicallyactive portion thereof is recombinantly produced, optimally culturemedium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dryweight) of chemical precursors or non-protein-of-interest chemicals.

Fragments and variants of the polynucleotides encoding the ALKresistance mutant polypeptides and fragments and variants of thepolypeptides themselves can be employed in the various methods andcompositions of the invention, including biologically active variantsand fragments of the ALK resistance mutant polypeptides. Such activevariants and fragments will retain a functional kinase domain that isresistant to at least one ALK kinase inhibitor. Methods to assay forkinase activity are known and are described elsewhere herein.

By “fragment” is intended a portion of the polynucleotide and hence theprotein encoded thereby or a portion of the polypeptide. Fragments of apolynucleotide may encode protein fragments that retain the biologicalactivity of the ALK resistance mutant protein and hence have kinaseactivity that is resistant to at least one ALK kinase inhibitor. Thus,fragments of a polynucleotide may range from at least about 20nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides, about 150,about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, about 450, about500, about 600, about 700, about 800, about 900, about 1000, about 1500,about 2000, about 2500, about 3000, about 3500, about 4000, about 4500contiguous nucleotides, and up to the full-length polynucleotideencoding the ALK resistance mutant polypeptide.

A fragment of a polynucleotide that encodes a biologically activeportion of an ALK resistance mutant polypeptide will encode at leastabout 15, about 25, about 30, about 50, about 100, about 150, about 200,about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, about 450, about 500, about600, about 700, about 800, about 900, about 1000, about 1100, about1200, about 1300, about 1400, about 1500, about 1600 contiguous aminoacids, or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-lengthALK resistance mutant polypeptide.

A biologically active portion of an ALK resistance mutant polypeptidecan be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the polynucleotidesencoding the portion of the ALK resistance mutant polypeptide andexpressing the encoded portion of the polypeptide (e.g., by recombinantexpression in vitro), and assessing the activity of the portion of theALK polypeptide. Polynucleotides that encode fragments of an ALKresistance mutant polypeptide can comprise nucleotide sequencescomprising at least 15, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400,450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000,3500, 4000, 4500 contiguous nucleotides, or up to the number ofnucleotides present in a full-length ALK resistance mutant nucleotidesequence disclosed herein.

“Variant” sequences have a high degree of sequence similarity. Forpolynucleotides, conservative variants include those sequences that,because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the amino acidsequence of one of the ALK resistance mutant polypeptides. Variants suchas these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biologytechniques, such as, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) andhybridization techniques. Variant polynucleotides also includesynthetically derived nucleotide sequences, such as those generated, forexample, by using site-directed mutagenesis, but which still encode anALK resistance mutant polypeptide. Generally, variants of a particularpolynucleotide will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% ormore sequence identity to that particular polynucleotide as determinedby sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhereherein.

Variants of a particular polynucleotide can also be evaluated bycomparison of the percent sequence identity between the polypeptideencoded by a variant polynucleotide and the polypeptide encoded by thereference polynucleotide. Thus, variants include, for example, isolatedpolynucleotides that encode a polypeptide with a given percent sequenceidentity to the ALK polypeptides set forth herein. Percent sequenceidentity between any two polypeptides can be calculated using sequencealignment programs and parameters described herein. Where any given pairof polynucleotides is evaluated by comparison of the percent sequenceidentity shared by the two polypeptides they encode, the percentsequence identity between the two encoded polypeptides is at least about40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity.

By “variant” polypeptide is intended a polypeptide derived from the ALKresistance mutant polypeptide by deletion (so-called truncation) oraddition of one or more amino acids to the N-terminal and/or C-terminalend of the polypeptide; deletion or addition of one or more amino acidsat one or more sites in the polypeptide; or substitution of one or moreamino acids at one or more sites in the polypeptide. Variant ALKresistance mutant polypeptides are biologically active, that is theycontinue to have kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALKkinase inhibitor. Such variants may result from, for example, geneticpolymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologically active variants ofan ALK resistance mutant polypeptide will have at least about 40%, 45%,50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequencefor the ALK resistance mutant polypeptide as determined by sequencealignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. Abiologically active variant of a polypeptide may differ from thatpolypeptide by as few as 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10, suchas 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue.

Biologically active variants and fragments of ALK resistance mutantpolypeptides retain the point mutation responsible for the resistance toat least one ALK kinase inhibitor. Therefore, variants and fragments ofALK resistance mutant polypeptides comprise at least one of thefollowing amino acid residues:

a) a serine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1123 of SEQ IDNO:2;

b) an alanine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1123 of SEQ IDNO:2;

c) a valine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1129 of SEQ IDNO:2;

d) a lysine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1132 of SEQ IDNO:2;

e) a methionine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1151 of SEQ IDNO:2;

f) a tyrosine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1156 of SEQ IDNO:2;

g) a cysteine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1174 of SEQ IDNO:2;

h) an isoleucine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1174 of SEQ IDNO:2;

i) a valine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1174 of SEQ IDNO:2;

j) a leucine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1174 of SEQ IDNO:2;

k) a methionine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1196 of SEQ IDNO:2

l) an arginine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1202 of SEQ IDNO:2;

m) an asparagine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1203 of SEQ IDNO:2;

n) a lysine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1210 of SEQ IDNO:2;

o) an alanine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1269 of SEQ IDNO:2;

p) a lysine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1406 of SEQ IDNO:2; and,

q) a lysine residue or a conservative substitution thereof at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1408 of SEQ IDNO:2.

Likewise, variant ALK resistance mutant polynucleotides can be one thatencodes such a variant ALK resistance mutant polypeptide.

As used herein, a “conservative substitution” of an amino acid residuecomprises other amino acid residues that are similar in size and/orcharge to another amino acid residue. The conservative substitution ofthe amino acid residue does not encompass amino acid residues that arefound at that particular position within the native ALK sequence(disclosed in SEQ ID NO:2).

As used herein, an amino acid residue of an ALK mutant polypeptide atthe position corresponding to a particular amino acid residue of nativeALK (SEQ ID NO:2) refers to the amino acid residue within the ALK mutantpolypeptide that appears opposite the amino acid residue at a particularposition in the native ALK sequence when the ALK mutant sequence isaligned with the native ALK sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) for maximum homologyusing an alignment program, such as one known in the art (e.g., the GAPprogram in the GCG software package, using either a BLOSUM62 matrix or aPAM250 matrix).

Polypeptides may be altered in various ways including amino acidsubstitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. Methods for suchmanipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acidsequence variants of the ALK resistance mutant polypeptides can beprepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotidesequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel(1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987)Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker andGaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillanPublishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. Guidanceas to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biologicalactivity of the polypeptide of interest may be found in the model ofDayhoff et al. (1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl.Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.), herein incorporated byreference. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acidwith another having similar properties, may be preferable.

Thus, the polynucleotides used in the invention can include naturallyoccurring sequences as well as those that are synthetically derived ormodified. Likewise, the polypeptides used in the methods of theinvention encompass naturally occurring polypeptides as well asvariations and modified forms thereof. Generally, the mutations made inthe polynucleotide encoding the variant polypeptide should not place thesequence out of reading frame, and/or create complementary regions thatcould produce secondary mRNA structure. See, EP Patent ApplicationPublication No. 75,444.

The deletions, insertions, and substitutions of the polypeptidesequences encompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changesin the characteristics of the polypeptide. However, when it is difficultto predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion, or insertionin advance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that theeffect will be evaluated by routine screening assays.

Variant polynucleotides and polypeptides also encompass sequences andpolypeptides derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure suchas DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different ALKresistance mutant coding sequences can be manipulated to create a newALK resistance mutant polypeptide possessing the desired properties. Inthis manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated froma population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequenceregions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologouslyrecombined in vitro or in vivo. Strategies for such DNA shuffling areknown in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri etal. (1997) Nature Biotech. 15:436-438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol.272:336-347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94:4504-4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; and U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458.

As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of twopolynucleotides or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residuesin the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximumcorrespondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage ofsequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized thatresidue positions which are not identical often differ by conservativeamino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted forother amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., chargeor hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional propertiesof the molecule. When sequences differ in conservative substitutions,the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for theconservative nature of the substitution. Sequences that differ by suchconservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or“similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well known to thoseof skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservativesubstitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, therebyincreasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where anidentical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservativesubstitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution isgiven a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservativesubstitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE(Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.).

As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the valuedetermined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over acomparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence inthe comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps)as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additionsor deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentageis calculated by determining the number of positions at which theidentical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in bothsequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the numberof matched positions by the total number of positions in the window ofcomparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage ofsequence identity.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values providedherein refer to the value obtained using GAP Version 10 using thefollowing parameters: % identity and % similarity for a nucleotidesequence using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3, and thenwsgapdna.cmp scoring matrix; % identity and % similarity for an aminoacid sequence using GAP Weight of 8 and Length Weight of 2, and theBLOSUM62 scoring matrix; or any equivalent program thereof. By“equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that,for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment havingidentical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identicalpercent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignmentgenerated by GAP Version 10.

Disclosed herein are novel mutations within ALK that confer resistanceto ALK kinase inhibitors. As used herein, an “ALK kinase inhibitor” is acompound that is capable of inhibiting the kinase activity of ALKpolypeptides. In some embodiments, the ALK mutants are resistant to ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitors. As used herein, a “small molecule”refers to a chemical compound that is small enough in size so that itcan readily pass through a cellular membrane unassisted. In general, asmall molecule refers to chemical compounds that are not polymers, suchas nucleic acids, polypeptides, or polysaccharides, although the termcan encompass small polymers that are capable of readily crossing thecellular membrane.

The kinase activity of ALK refers to the ability of ALK to phosphorylatetyrosine residues of substrates, either naturally occurring orsynthetic, including ALK itself and other downstream substrates (e.g.,SHC). Upon oligomerization, ALK autophosphorylates three ALK tyrosineresidues, which fully activates the enzyme, allowing ALK tophosphorylate additional substrates, such as SHC. ALK kinase inhibitorsinhibit the kinase activity of ALK polypeptides, meaning that the kinaseactivity is partially or completely reduced in comparison to the kinasein the absence of the inhibitor compound. In some embodiments, the ALKkinase activity is reduced by the ALK kinase inhibitor by at least about10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%,about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100% when compared to theactivity of the kinase in the absence of the inhibitor.

Methods for assaying the kinase activity of an ALK polypeptide are knownin the art and include in vitro kinase assays wherein ALK polypeptidesare isolated via affinity purification or immunoprecipitation and theautophosphorylation of ALK or the phosphorylation of a substrate proteinor peptide is measured in the presence of ATP. Cell-based assays canalso be used wherein ALK autophosphorylation or phosphorylation of anALK substrate is determined using immunoblotting or an enzyme-linkedimmunoassay, for example. Non-limiting examples of methods for analyzingALK kinase activity can be found in U.S. Application Publication Nos.2008/0090776 and 2009/0099193, each which are herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

ALK kinase inhibitors may bind to the inactive form of ALK, wherein thethree tyrosine residues in the activation loop are unphosphorylated orto the active, autophosphorylated form of ALK. The ALK kinase inhibitorsinhibit both the autophosphorylation of the kinase and thephosphorylation of additional substrates. In order to be clinicallyuseful, many ALK kinase inhibitors are fairly specific for ALK, however,the term ALK kinase inhibitor encompasses inhibitors that are alsocapable of inhibiting other kinases, such as the MET kinase.

Non-limiting examples of ALK kinase inhibitors that are known in the artinclude PF-0234166 (Zou et al. (2007) Cancer Res 67:4408-4417;Christensen et al. (2007) Mol Cancer Ther 6:3314-3322; U.S. ApplicationPublication No. 2008/0051419), NVP-TAE684 (Galkin et al. (2007) ProcNatl Acad Sci USA 104:270-275), staurosporine, 7-hydroxystaurosporine,CEP-14083, CEP-14513, CEP-28122 (Wan et al. (2006) Blood 107:1617-1623;Piva et al. (2006) J Clin Invest 116:3171-31821), pyridone 14 (Li et al.(2006) J Med Chem 49:1006-1015), pyridone 15, CRL151104A (U.S.Application Publication No. 2008/0171769), and WZ-5-126 (McDermott etal. (2008) Cancer Res 68:3389-3395), each of which are hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety. In specific embodiments, thepresently disclosed ALK resistance mutations confer resistance toPF-0234166.

The ALK resistance mutant polynucleotides can be found in an expressioncassette. The expression cassettes can comprise one or more regulatorysequences that are operably linked to the ALK resistance mutantpolynucleotide that facilitate expression of the polynucleotide.“Regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream(5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-codingsequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription,RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated codingsequence. See, for example, Goeddel (1990) in Gene Expression TechnologyMethods in Enzymology 185 (Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leadersequences, introns, and polyadenylation recognition sequences.

Regulatory sequences are operably linked with a coding sequence to allowfor expression of the polypeptide encoded by the coding sequence.“Operably linked” is intended to mean that the coding sequence isfunctionally linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner thatallows for expression of the nucleotide sequence. Operably linkedelements may be contiguous or non-contiguous. Polynucleotides may beoperably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisenseorientation.

The regulatory regions (i.e., promoters, transcriptional regulatoryregions, and translational termination regions) and/or the codingpolynucleotides may be native/analogous to the cell to which thepolynucleotide is being introduced or to each other. Alternatively, theregulatory regions and/or the coding polynucleotides may be heterologousto the cell to which the polynucleotide is being introduced or to eachother.

As used herein, “heterologous” in reference to a sequence is a sequencethat originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, issubstantially modified from its native form in composition and/orgenomic locus by deliberate human intervention. For example, a promoteroperably linked to a heterologous polynucleotide is from a speciesdifferent from the species from which the polynucleotide was derived,or, if from the same/analogous species, one or both are substantiallymodified from their original form and/or genomic locus, or the promoteris not the native promoter for the operably linked polynucleotide.

Regulatory sequences include those that direct constitutive expressionof a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cells and those thatdirect expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells(e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences) or at particular stages ofdevelopment/differentiation (e.g., development-specific regulatorysequences), or those that are chemically-induced. It will be appreciatedby those skilled in the art that the design of the expression cassettecan depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to which thepolynucleotide is to be introduced, the level of expression of thepolypeptide desired, and the like. Such expression cassettes typicallyinclude one or more appropriately positioned sites for restrictionenzymes, to facilitate introduction of the nucleic acid into a vector.

It will further be appreciated that appropriate promoter and/orregulatory elements can readily be selected to allow expression of thecoding sequence in the cell of interest and at the particulardevelopmental/differentiation state. In some embodiments, a promoterthat is recognized by RNA polymerase II can be used.

The regulatory sequences can also be provided by viral regulatoryelements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma,Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus, and Simian Virus 40. For other suitableexpression systems for eukaryotic cells, see Chapters 16 and 17 ofSambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). See, Goeddel(1990) in Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185(Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).

Various constitutive promoters are known. For example, in variousembodiments, the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early genepromoter, the SV40 early promoter, the Rous sarcoma virus long terminalrepeat, rat insulin promoter and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase can be used to obtain high-level expression of the codingsequence of interest. The use of other viral or mammalian cellular orbacterial phage promoters which are well-known in the art can be used toachieve expression of a coding sequence of interest. Promoters which maybe used include, but are not limited to, the long terminal repeat asdescribed in Squinto et al. (1991) Cell 65:1 20); the SV40 earlypromoter region (Bernoist and Chambon (1981) Nature 290:304 310), theCMV promoter, the M-MuLV 5′ terminal repeat the promoter contained inthe 3′ long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al.(1980) Cell 22:787 797), and the herpes thymidine kinase promoter(Wagner et al. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:144 1445).

Inducible promoters are also known. Non-limiting examples of induciblepromoters and their inducer include MT II/phorbol Ester (TPA) (Palmiteret al. (1982) Nature 300:611) and heavy metals (Haslinger and Karin(1985) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA. 82:8572; Searle et al. (1985) Mol.Cell. Biol. 5:1480; Stuart et al. (1985) Nature 317:828; Imagawa et al.(1987) Cell 51:251; Karin et al. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:606; Angel etal. (1987) Cell 49:729; McNeall et al. (1989) Gene 76:8); MMTV (mousemammary tumor virus)/glucocorticoids (Huang et al. (1981) Cell 27:245;Lee et al. (1981) Nature 294:228; Majors and Varmus (1983) Proc. Nat'lAcad. Sci. USA. 80:5866; Chandler et al. (1983) Cell 33:489; Ponta etal. (1985) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1020; Sakai et al. (1988)Genes and Dev. 2:1144); β-interferon/poly(rI)X and poly(rc) (Tavernieret al. (1983) Nature 301:634); adenovirus 5 E2/E1A (Imperiale and Nevins(1984) Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:875); c-jun/phorbol ester (TPA), H₂O₂;collagenase/phorbol ester (TPA) (Angel et al. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol.7:2256); stromelysin/phorbol ester (TPA), IL-1 (Angel et al. (1987) Cell49:729); SV40/phorbol ester (TPA) (Angel et al. (1987) Cell 49:729);murine MX gene/interferon, Newcastle disease virus; GRP78 gene/A23187(Resendez Jr. et al. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4579);α-2-macroglobulin/IL-6; vimentin/serum (Kunz et al. (1989) Nucl. AcidsRes. 17:1121); MHC class I gene H-2 kB/interferon (Blanar et al. (1989)EMBO J. 8:1139); HSP70/ela, SV40 large T antigen (Taylor and Kingston(1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:165; Taylor and Kingston (1990) Mol. Cell.Biol. 10:176; Taylor et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:15160);proliferin/phorbol ester-TPA (Mordacq and Linzer (1989) Genes and Dev.3:760); tumor necrosis factor/PMA (Hensel et al. (1989) Lymphokine Res.8:347); thyroid stimulating hormone α gene/thyroid hormone (Chatterjeeet al. (1989) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA. 86:9114); and, insulin Ebox/glucose.

A variety of translation control elements are known to those of ordinaryskill in the art and can be used in the presently disclosed methods andcompositions. These include, but are not limited to, ribosome bindingsites, translation initiation and termination codons, and elementsderived from picornaviruses (particularly an internal ribosome entrysite, or IRES, also referred to as a CITE sequence).

In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniquesare often in the form of plasmids (vectors). However, the invention isintended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such asviral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses,lentiviruses, and adeno-associated viruses). See, for example, U.S.Publication 2005214851, herein incorporated by reference. Retroviralvectors, particularly lentiviral vectors, are transduced by packagingthe vectors into virions prior to contact with a cell.

An expression cassette can further comprise a selection marker. As usedherein, the term “selection marker” comprises any polynucleotide, whichwhen expressed in a cell allows for the selection of the transformedcell with the vector. For example, a selection marker can conferresistance to a drug, a nutritional requirement, or a cytotoxic drug. Aselection marker can also induce a selectable phenotype such asfluorescence or a color deposit. A “positive selection marker” allows acell expressing the marker to survive against a selective agent and thusconfers a positive selection characteristic onto the cell expressingthat marker. Positive selection marker/agents include, for example,neo/G418, neo/kanamycin, hyg/hygromycin, hisD/histidinol, gpt/xanthine,ble/bleomycin, HPRT/hypoxanthine. Other positive selection markersinclude DNA sequences encoding membrane-bound polypeptides. Suchpolypeptides are well known to those skilled in the art and cancomprise, for example, a secretory sequence, an extracellular domain, atransmembrane domain and an intracellular domain. When expressed as apositive selection marker, such polypeptides associate with the cellmembrane. Fluorescently labeled antibodies specific for theextracellular domain may then be used in a fluorescence activated cellsorter (FACS) to select for cells expressing the membrane-boundpolypeptide. In some of the embodiments wherein the expression cassettefurther comprises a selectable marker, an internal ribosome entry site,or IRES, also referred to as a CITE sequence can be used to separate thecoding sequences of the selectable marker and the polypolypeptide ofinterest, which allows for simultaneous transcription of the twosequences under the control of the same promoter sequences, but separatetranslation of the transcripts into polypeptides.

The host cells of the invention can also be used to produce nonhumantransgenic animals. For example, in one embodiment, a host cell of theinvention is a fertilized oocyte or an embryonic stem cell into which asequence encoding an ALK resistance mutant polypeptide has beenintroduced. Such host cells can then be used to create nonhumantransgenic animals in which an exogenous sequence encoding an ALKresistance mutant polypeptide has been introduced into their genome orhomologous recombinant animals. In some embodiments, the ALK resistancemutant is part of an ALK oncogenic fusion protein. Such animals areuseful for screening candidate agents that inhibit the ALK resistancemutants using assays described elsewhere herein to identify agents thatare capable of inhibiting the presently disclosed ALK resistance mutantsor to further validate the ability of novel inhibitors to inhibit thegrowth of cancer associated with aberrant ALK activity that is resistantto at least one ALK kinase inhibitor.

As used herein, a “transgenic animal” is a nonhuman animal, in specificembodiments a mammal, a rodent such as a rat or mouse, in which one ormore of the cells of the animal includes a transgene. Other examples oftransgenic animals include nonhuman primates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats,chickens, amphibians, etc. A transgene is exogenous DNA that isintegrated into the genome of a cell from which a transgenic animaldevelops and which remains in the genome of the mature animal, therebydirecting the expression of an encoded gene product in one or more celltypes or tissues of the transgenic animal. As used herein, a “homologousrecombinant animal” is a nonhuman animal, in specific embodiments amammal, in other embodiments a mouse, in which an endogenous ALK genehas been altered by homologous recombination between the endogenous geneand an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into a cell of the animal,e.g., an embryonic cell of the animal, prior to development of theanimal.

A transgenic animal of the invention can be created by introducing anALK resistance mutant polypeptide encoding nucleic acid into the malepronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviralinfection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant femalefoster animal. Such sequences can be introduced as a transgene into thegenome of a nonhuman animal. Intronic sequences and polyadenylationsignals can also be included in the transgene to increase the efficiencyof expression of the transgene. A tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s)can be operably linked to the transgene to direct expression of thesequence particular cells. Methods for generating transgenic animals viaembryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such asmice, have become conventional in the art and are described, forexample, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,736,866, 4,870,009, and 4,873,191 and inHogan (1986) Manipulating the Mouse Embryo (Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1986). Similar methods areused for production of other transgenic animals. A transgenic founderanimal can be identified based upon the presence of the ALK resistancemutant protein or the polynucleotide comprising an ALK resistancemutation in its genome and/or expression of mRNA of such sequences intissues or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can then beused to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover,transgenic animals carrying a transgene can further be bred to othertransgenic animals carrying other transgenes.

To create a homologous recombinant animal, one prepares a vectorcontaining at least a portion of a sequence encoding an ALK resistancemutant polypeptide to thereby allow for the expression of an ALKresistance mutant polypeptide. In one embodiment, the homologousrecombination vector, the altered portion of the ALK gene is flanked atits 5′ and 3′ ends by additional nucleic acids of the ALK gene to allowfor homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous ALK genecarried by the vector and an endogenous ALK gene in an embryonic stemcell. The additional flanking ALK nucleic acid is of sufficient lengthfor successful homologous recombination with the endogenous gene.Typically, several kilobases of flanking DNA (at both the 5′ and 3′ends) are included in the vector (see, e.g., Thomas and Capecchi (1987)Cell 51:503 for a description of homologous recombination vectors). Thevector is introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., byelectroporation), and cells in which the introduced ALK gene hashomologously recombined with the endogenous ALK gene are selected (see,e.g., Li et al. (1992) Cell 69:915). The selected cells are theninjected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse) to formaggregation chimeras (see, e.g., Bradley (1987) in Teratocarcinomas andEmbryonic Stem Cells: A Practical Approach, ed. Robertson (IRL, Oxfordpp. 113-152). A chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitablepseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term.Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ cellscan be used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal containthe homologously recombined DNA by germline transmission of thetransgene. Methods for constructing homologous recombination vectors andhomologous recombinant animals are described further in Bradley (1991)Current Opinion in Bio/Technology 2:823-829 and in PCT Publication Nos.WO 90/11354, WO 91/01140, WO 92/0968, and WO 93/04169.

In another embodiment, transgenic nonhuman animals containing selectedsystems that allow for regulated expression of the transgene can beproduced. One example of such a system is the cre/loxP recombinasesystem of bacteriophage P1. For a description of the cre/loxPrecombinase system, see, e.g., Lakso et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 89:6232-6236. Another example of a recombinase system is theFLP recombinase system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (O'Gorman et al.(1991) Science 251:1351-1355). If a cre/loxP recombinase system is usedto regulate expression of the transgene, animals containing transgenesencoding both the Cre recombinase and a selected protein are required.Such animals can be provided through the construction of “double”transgenic animals, e.g., by mating two transgenic animals, onecontaining a transgene encoding a selected protein and the othercontaining a transgene encoding a recombinase.

Clones of the nonhuman transgenic animals described herein can also beproduced according to the methods described in Wilmut et al. (1997)Nature 385:810-813 and PCT Publication Nos. WO 97/07668 and WO 97/07669.

As noted herein, the invention includes antibodies that specificallybind to the ALK resistance mutant polypeptides. As discussed herein,these antibodies are referred to as “anti-ALK resistance mutantantibodies”. Thus, by “anti-ALK resistance mutant antibodies” isintended antibodies specific for the ALK polypeptides disclosed hereinthat are resistant to at least one ALK kinase inhibitor. The term alsoencompasses antibodies that are specific for ALK oncogenic fusionproteins comprising an ALK polypeptide having an ALK inhibitorresistance mutation. The respective antibodies can be used alone or incombination in the methods of the invention.

Antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), can be made bystandard protocols. See, for example, Harlow and Lane, Using Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual, CSHL, New York, 1999. Briefly, a mammal such as amouse, hamster or rabbit can be immunized with an immunogenic form of apeptide or a peptide complex. Techniques for conferring immunogenicityon a protein or peptide include conjugation to carriers or othertechniques, well known in the art.

By “antibodies that specifically bind” is intended that the antibodieswill not substantially cross react with another polypeptide. By “notsubstantially cross react” is intended that the antibody or fragment hasa binding affinity for a different polypeptide which is less than 10%,less than 5%, or less than 1%, of the binding affinity for theparticular ALK resistance mutant polypeptide.

In specific embodiments, the anti-ALK resistance mutant antibody bindsspecifically to a particular ALK resistance mutant polypeptide andreduces the kinase activity of the kinase. Thus, in specificembodiments, the anti-ALK resistance mutant antibody is an ALKresistance mutant inhibitor.

The anti-ALK resistance mutant antibodies disclosed herein and for usein the methods of the present invention can be produced using anyantibody production method known to those of skill in the art. Thus,polyclonal sera may be prepared by conventional methods. In general, asolution containing the ALK resistance mutant polypeptide or a fragmentthereof is first used to immunize a suitable animal, preferably a mouse,rat, rabbit, or goat. Rabbits or goats are preferred for the preparationof polyclonal sera due to the volume of serum obtainable, and theavailability of labeled anti-rabbit and anti-goat antibodies.

Polyclonal sera can be prepared in a transgenic animal, preferably amouse bearing human immunoglobulin loci. In a preferred embodiment, Sf9(Spodoptera frugiperda) cells expressing the ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide or fragment thereof are used as the immunogen. Immunizationcan also be performed by mixing or emulsifying the antigen-containingsolution in saline, preferably in an adjuvant such as Freund's completeadjuvant, and injecting the mixture or emulsion parenterally (generallysubcutaneously or intramuscularly). A dose of 50-200 μg/injection istypically sufficient. Immunization is generally boosted 2-6 weeks laterwith one or more injections of the protein in saline, preferably usingFreund's incomplete adjuvant. One may alternatively generate antibodiesby in vitro immunization using methods known in the art, which for thepurposes of this invention is considered equivalent to in vivoimmunization. Polyclonal antisera are obtained by bleeding the immunizedanimal into a glass or plastic container, incubating the blood at 25° C.for one hour, followed by incubating at 4° C. for 2-18 hours. The serumis recovered by centrifugation (e.g., 1,000×g for 10 minutes). About20-50 ml per bleed may be obtained from rabbits.

Production of the Sf9 cells is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,552.Briefly, a sequence encoding the ALK resistance mutant polypeptide isrecombined into a baculovirus using transfer vectors. The plasmid isco-transfected with wild-type baculovirus DNA into Sf9 cells.Recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells are identified and clonallypurified.

In some embodiments, the antibody is monoclonal in nature. By“monoclonal antibody” is intended an antibody obtained from a populationof substantially homogeneous antibodies, that is, the individualantibodies comprising the population are identical except for possiblenaturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Theterm is not limited regarding the species or source of the antibody. Theterm encompasses whole immunoglobulins as well as fragments such as Fab,F(ab′)2, Fv, and others which retain the antigen binding function of theantibody. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directedagainst a single antigenic site on the target polypeptide. Furthermore,in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparations thattypically include different antibodies directed against differentdeterminants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against asingle determinant on the antigen. The modifier “monoclonal” indicatesthe character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantiallyhomogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed asrequiring production of the antibody by any particular method. Forexample, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with thepresent invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described byKohler and Milstein (Nature 256:495-97, 1975), or may be made byrecombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). The“monoclonal antibodies” may also be isolated from phage antibodylibraries using the techniques described in, for example, Clackson etal. (Nature 352:624-28, 1991), Marks et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-97,1991) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,548.

By “epitope” is intended the part of an antigenic molecule to which anantibody is produced and to which the antibody will bind. Epitopes cancomprise linear amino acid residues (i.e., residues within the epitopeare arranged sequentially one after another in a linear fashion),nonlinear amino acid residues (referred to herein as “nonlinearepitopes”—these epitopes are not arranged sequentially), or both linearand nonlinear amino acid residues. For purposes of the presentlydisclosed subject matter, the epitope that is recognized by the specificanti-ALK resistance mutant antibodies is one that is found in theparticular ALK resistance mutant and is not present in the native ALKpolypeptide.

As discussed herein, mAbs can be prepared using the method of Kohler andMilstein, or a modification thereof. Typically, a mouse is immunizedwith a solution containing an antigen. Immunization can be performed bymixing or emulsifying the antigen-containing solution in saline,preferably in an adjuvant such as Freund's complete adjuvant, andinjecting the mixture or emulsion parenterally. Any method ofimmunization known in the art may be used to obtain the monoclonalantibodies of the invention. After immunization of the animal, thespleen (and optionally, several large lymph nodes) are removed anddissociated into single cells. The spleen cells may be screened byapplying a cell suspension to a plate or well coated with the antigen ofinterest. The B cells expressing membrane bound immunoglobulin specificfor the antigen bind to the plate and are not rinsed away. Resulting Bcells, or all dissociated spleen cells, are then induced to fuse withmyeloma cells to form hybridomas, and are cultured in a selectivemedium. The resulting cells are plated by serial dilution and areassayed for the production of antibodies that specifically bind theantigen of interest (and that do not bind to unrelated antigens). Theselected mAb-secreting hybridomas are then cultured either in vitro(e.g., in tissue culture bottles or hollow fiber reactors), or in vivo(as ascites in mice).

Where the anti-ALK resistance mutant antibodies of the invention are tobe prepared using recombinant DNA methods, the DNA encoding themonoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced usingconventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that arecapable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and lightchains of murine antibodies). The hybridoma cells described herein canserve as a source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA can be placed intoexpression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such asE. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, ormyeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, toobtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant hostcells. Review articles on recombinant expression in bacteria of DNAencoding an antibody include Skerra (1993) Curr. Opinion in Immunol.5:256-62; and Phickthun (1992) Immunol. Revs. 130:151-88. Alternatively,the antibody can be produced in a cell line such as a CHO cell line, asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,403; 5,545,405 and 5,998,144. Brieflythe cell line is transfected with vectors capable of expressing a lightchain and a heavy chain, respectively. By transfecting the two proteinson separate vectors, chimeric antibodies can be produced. Anotheradvantage is the correct glycosylation of the antibody.

Additionally, the term “anti-ALK resistance mutant antibody” as usedherein encompasses chimeric and humanized anti-ALK resistance mutantantibodies. By “chimeric” antibodies is intended antibodies that aremost preferably derived using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acidtechniques and which comprise both human (including immunologically“related” species, e.g., chimpanzee) and non-human components. Thus, theconstant region of the chimeric antibody is most preferablysubstantially identical to the constant region of a natural humanantibody; the variable region of the chimeric antibody is mostpreferably derived from a non-human source and has the desired antigenicspecificity to the ALK resistance mutant antigen. The non-human sourcecan be any vertebrate source that can be used to generate antibodies toa human ALK resistance mutant antigen or material comprising a human ALKresistance mutant antigen. Such non-human sources include, but are notlimited to, rodents (e.g., rabbit, rat, mouse, etc.; see, e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 4,816,567) and non-human primates (e.g., Old World Monkeys,Apes, etc.; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,750,105 and 5,756,096). As usedherein, the phrase “immunologically active” when used in reference tochimeric/humanized anti-ALK resistance mutant antibodies meanschimeric/humanized antibodies that bind a particular ALK resistancemutant.

By “humanized” is intended forms of anti-ALK resistance mutantantibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-humanimmunoglobulin sequences. For the most part, humanized antibodies arehuman immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from ahypervariable region (also known as complementarity determining regionor CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariableregion of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat,rabbit, or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity,and capacity. The phrase “complementarity determining region” refers toamino acid sequences which together define the binding affinity andspecificity of the natural Fv region of a native immunoglobulin bindingsite. See, for example, Chothia et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-17;and Kabat et al. (U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, NIHPublication No. 91-3242, 1991). The phrase “constant region” refers tothe portion of the antibody molecule that confers effector functions.

Humanization can be essentially performed following the methodsdescribed by Jones et al. (1986) Nature 321:522-25; Riechmann et al.(1988) Nature 332:323-27; and Verhoeyen et al. (1988) Science239:1534-36, by substituting rodent or mutant rodent CDRs or CDRsequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. See alsoU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539; 5,585,089; 5,693,761; 5,693,762; and5,859,205. In some instances, residues within the framework regions ofone or more variable regions of the human immunoglobulin are replaced bycorresponding non-human residues (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.5,585,089; 5,693,761; 5,693,762; and 6,180,370). Furthermore, humanizedantibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipientantibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made tofurther refine antibody performance (e.g., to obtain desired affinity).In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of atleast one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all orsubstantially all of the hypervariable regions correspond to those of anon-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the frameworkregions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanizedantibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of animmunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a humanimmunoglobulin. Accordingly, such “humanized” antibodies may includeantibodies wherein substantially less than an intact human variabledomain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from anon-human species.

Also encompassed by the term “anti-ALK resistance mutant antibodies” arexenogeneic or modified anti-ALK resistance mutant antibodies produced ina non-human mammalian host, more particularly a transgenic mouse,characterized by inactivated endogenous immunoglobulin loci. In suchtransgenic animals, competent endogenous genes for the expression oflight and heavy subunits of host immunoglobulins are renderednon-functional and substituted with the analogous human immunoglobulinloci. These transgenic animals produce human antibodies in thesubstantial absence of light or heavy host immunoglobulin subunits. See,for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,877,397 and 5,939,598. Preferably, fullyhuman antibodies to a particular ALK resistance mutant can be obtainedby immunizing transgenic mice. One such mouse is disclosed in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,075,181; 6,091,001; and 6,114,598.

Fragments of the anti-ALK resistance mutant antibodies are suitable foruse in the methods of the invention so long as they retain the desiredaffinity of the full-length antibody. Thus, a fragment of an anti-ALKresistance mutant antibody will retain the ability to specifically bindto a particular ALK resistance mutant polypeptide. Such fragments arecharacterized by properties similar to the corresponding full-lengthanti-ALK resistance mutant antibody; that is, the fragments willspecifically bind a particular ALK resistance mutant polypeptide. Suchfragments are referred to herein as “antigen-binding” fragments.

Suitable antigen-binding fragments of an antibody comprise a portion ofa full-length antibody, generally the antigen-binding or variable regionthereof. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to,Fab, F(ab′)₂, and Fv fragments and single-chain antibody molecules. By“Fab” is intended a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of animmunoglobulin that is composed of the light chain and part of the heavychain. By F(ab′)₂ is intended a bivalent antigen-binding fragment of animmunoglobulin that contains both light chains and part of both heavychains. By “single-chain Fv” or “sFv” antibody fragments is intendedfragments comprising the V_(H) and V_(L) domains of an antibody, whereinthese domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,778; 5,260,203; 5,455,030; and 5,856,456.Generally, the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linkerbetween the V_(H) and V_(L) domains that enables the sFv to form thedesired structure for antigen binding. For a review of sFv see Pluckthun(1994) in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, Vol. 113, ed.Rosenburg and Moore (Springer-Verlag, New York), pp. 269-315.

Antibodies or antibody fragments can be isolated from antibody phagelibraries generated using the techniques described in, for example,McCafferty et al. (1990) Nature 348:552-54; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,548.Clackson et al. (1991) Nature 352:624-28; and Marks et al. (1991) J.Mol. Biol. 222:581-97 describe the isolation of murine and humanantibodies, respectively, using phage libraries. Subsequent publicationsdescribe the production of high affinity (nM range) human antibodies bychain shuffling (Marks et al. (1992) Bio/Technology 10:779-83), as wellas combinatorial infection and in vivo recombination as a strategy forconstructing very large phage libraries (Waterhouse et al. (1993)Nucleic. Acids Res. 21:2265-66). Thus, these techniques are viablealternatives to traditional monoclonal antibody hybridoma techniques forisolation of monoclonal antibodies.

Various techniques have been developed for the production of antibodyfragments. Traditionally, these fragments were derived via proteolyticdigestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g., Morimoto et al. (1992) J.Biochem. Biophys. Methods 24:107-17; and Brennan et al. (1985) Science229:81-3). However, these fragments can now be produced directly byrecombinant host cells. For example, the antibody fragments can beisolated from the antibody phage libraries discussed above.Alternatively, Fab fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli andchemically coupled to form F(ab′)₂ fragments (Carter et al. (1992)Bio/Technology 10:163-67). According to another approach, F(ab′)₂fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture.Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will beapparent to the skilled practitioner.

The invention provides a method (also referred to herein as a “screeningassay”) for identifying specific binding agents and/or inhibitors of aparticular presently disclosed ALK resistance mutant. As discussedherein, identification of various ALK resistance mutant polypeptidebinding agents are of interest, including ALK resistance mutant specificbinding agents and ALK resistance mutant inhibitors.

Screening methods for ALK resistance mutant binding agents or ALKresistance mutant inhibitors involve determining if a test compound canbind, specifically or non-specifically, to an ALK resistance mutantand/or determining if the test compound can reduce the kinase activityof the particular ALK resistance mutant.

The candidate agents employed in the various screening assays caninclude any compound including, for example, peptides, peptidomimetics,polynucleotides, small molecules, antibodies, or other drugs. In certainembodiments, the candidate agents are small molecules. Such candidateagents can be obtained using any of the numerous approaches incombinatorial library methods known in the art, including biologicallibraries, spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phaselibraries, synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution, the“one-bead one-compound” library method, and synthetic library methodsusing affinity chromatography selection. The biological library approachis limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches areapplicable to peptide, nonpeptide oligomer, or small molecule librariesof compounds (Lam (1997) Anticancer Drug Des. 12:145).

Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can befound in the art, for example in: DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 90:6909; Erb et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11422;Zuckermann et al. (1994). J. Med. Chem. 37:2678; Cho et al. (1993)Science 261:1303; Carrell et al. (1994) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.33:2059; Carell et al. (1994) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2061; andGallop et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37:1233.

Known pharmacological agents and even known ALK inhibitors may besubjected to directed or random chemical modifications, such asacylation, alkylation, esterification, amidification to producestructural analogs that can be tested for the ability to inhibit thekinase activity of at least one of the ALK resistance mutants.Alternatively, candidate agents can be derived from any organism,including bacteria, fungi, plants, or animals.

Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution (e.g., Houghten(1992) Bio/Techniques 13:412-421), or on beads (Lam (1991) Nature354:82-84), chips (Fodor (1993) Nature 364:555-556), bacteria (U.S. Pat.No. 5,223,409), spores (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,571,698; 5,403,484; and5,223,409), plasmids (Cull et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA89:1865-1869), or phage (Scott and Smith (1990) Science 249:386-390;Devlin (1990) Science 249:404-406; Cwirla et al. (1990) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 87:6378-6382; and Felici (1991) J. Mol. Biol.222:301-310).

Determining the ability of the candidate agent to bind to the particularALK resistance mutant can be accomplished, for example, by coupling thecandidate agent with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that bindingof the candidate agent to the ALK resistance mutant polypeptide can bedetermined by detecting the labeled agent in a complex. For example,candidate agents can be labeled with ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S, ¹⁴C, or ³H, eitherdirectly or indirectly, and the radioisotope detected by direct countingof radioemmission or by scintillation counting. Alternatively, candidateagents can be enzymatically labeled with, for example, horseradishperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic labeldetected by determination of conversion of an appropriate substrate toproduct.

In one embodiment, an assay to identify specific binding agents for anALK resistance mutant is a cell-free assay comprising contacting an ALKresistance mutant polypeptide with a candidate agent and determining theability of the candidate agent to bind to the ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide. Binding of the candidate agent to the ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide can be determined either directly or indirectly. An indirectassay could include assaying for a reduction in ALK kinase activity(e.g., phosphorylation of ALK substrates).

In some assays, it may be desirable to immobilize either the ALKresistance mutant or the candidate agent to facilitate automation of theassay. In one embodiment, the ALK resistance mutant can beimmunoprecipitated from a cellular lysate, wherein the complex is boundto a matrix (e.g., beads). In another embodiment, a fusion protein canbe provided that adds a domain to the candidate agent or the ALKresistance mutant polypeptide that allows the candidate agent or the ALKresistance mutant to be bound to a matrix. For example, ALK resistancemutant polypeptides comprising a glutathione-S-transferase/ALKresistance mutant fusion protein can be adsorbed onto glutathionesepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) orglutathione-derivatized microtitre plates, which are then combined withthe candidate agent, and the mixture incubated under conditionsconducive to complex formation between the candidate agent and the ALKresistance mutant (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH).Following incubation, the beads or microtitre plate wells are washed toremove any unbound components and complex formation of the candidateagent and ALK resistance mutant polypeptide is measured either directlyor indirectly, for example, as described above.

Other techniques for immobilizing proteins on matrices can also be usedin the screening assays of the invention. For example, either the ALKresistance mutant polypeptide or the candidate agent can be immobilizedutilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin. Biotinylated ALKresistance mutants or candidate agents can be prepared frombiotin-NHS(N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well known in the art(e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, Ill.), andimmobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated plates (PierceChemicals).

In yet another aspect of the invention, the ALK resistance mutantpolypeptides can be used as “bait proteins” in a two-hybrid assay orthree-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317; Zervos et al.(1993) Cell 72:223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem.268:12046-12054; Bartel et al. (1993) Bio/Techniques 14:920-924;Iwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene 8:1693-1696; and PCT Publication No. WO94/10300), to identify other proteins, which bind to or interact withthe ALK resistance mutant polypeptide and, in some embodiments, inhibitALK resistance mutant kinase activity.

In embodiments wherein candidate agents that specifically bind ALKinhibitor resistance mutants are desired, the ALK inhibitor resistancemutant may be in either an active or inactive state when contacted withthe candidate agent. An active state is one wherein the three tyrosineresidues (tyrosines 1278, 1282, and 1283 of full-length ALK) within theactivation domain are phosphorylated. Conversely, an inactive state isone wherein the activation domain tyrosine residues are notphosphorylated and the activation domain is in its closed conformation.

In those embodiments wherein an ALK resistance mutant inhibitor isdesired, the assay comprises contacting the ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide with a candidate agent and determining the ability of thecandidate agent to reduce or completely inhibit the kinase activity ofthe ALK resistance mutant. Determining the ability of the candidateagent to inhibit the activity of an ALK resistance mutant can beaccomplished, for example, by determining the ability of the ALKresistance mutant to phosphorylate ALK substrates or toautophosphorylate in the presence of the test compound. Methods forassaying the kinase activity of an ALK resistance mutant are discussedelsewhere herein, and include in vitro kinase assays wherein ALKpolypeptides are isolated via affinity purification orimmunoprecipitation and the autophosphorylation of ALK or thephosphorylation of a substrate protein or peptide is measured in thepresence of ATP.

Similar to screening assays for specific binders, the ALK resistancemutant can be in an active or inactivate state when contacted with thecandidate agent in screens for inhibitors of the resistance mutantInhibitors that bind to ALK in the inactive state are particularlydesirable because the structure of the kinase domain of receptortyrosine kinases when inactive is generally more unique than theconformation of the activated kinase. In those embodiments wherein theALK resistance mutant is contacted with the candidate agent in theinactive state, the kinase is activated prior to testing the effect ofthe candidate agent on the kinase activity. ALK inhibitor resistancemutants can be activated through the addition of a ligand (e.g.,pleiotropin, midkine) in those instances wherein the ALK mutantpolypeptide comprises the ligand binding domain. Alternatively, the ALKresistance mutant polypeptide can comprise the cytoplasmic domain (e.g.,amino acids 1058-1620) of the kinase comprising the kinase domain alongwith domains necessary for interacting with downstream effectors, fusedto an inducible dimerization or oligomerization domain. An inducibledimerization domain or inducible oligomerization domain is a polypeptidesequence that can be stimulated to dimerize or oligomerize in thepresence of a dimerized or oligomerized ligand. A non-limiting exampleof an inducible dimerization domain is one comprising at least oneFKBP12 polypeptide that can be dimerized through the addition of thecell-permeable synthetic dimerized ligand FK1012 (Spencer et al. (1993)Science 262:989, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety). Upon dimerization or oligomerization, the ALK resistancemutant-inducible dimerization/oligomerization domain fusion proteinbecomes activated.

Cell-based assays can also be used to measure ALK kinase activitywherein ALK autophosphorylation or phosphorylation of an ALK substrateis determined using immunoblotting or an enzyme-linked immunoassay, forexample. The inhibition of ALK kinase activity can also be assessedindirectly with cell-based assays. In such embodiments, the ALKresistance mutant is expressed in a eukaryotic cell (either endogenouslyor exogenously wherein the sequence is introduced via transformation,for example). If the full-length ALK resistance mutant polypeptide isused for such experiments, an activating ligand (e.g., pleiotrophin,midkine) is added to the culture. In other embodiments, the ALKresistance mutant is a constitutively active ALK resistancemutant-oncogenic fusion protein. In yet other embodiments, the ALKresistance mutant polypeptide comprises the cytoplasmic domain (e.g.,amino acids 1058-1620) fused to an inducible dimerization oroligomerization domain and the fusion protein is activated through theaddition of a cell-permeable dimerized or oligomerized ligand (Spenceret al. (1993) Science 262:989). Activation of ALK leads to thestimulation of cell proliferation, cell survival, promotion ofanchorage-independent growth, and cellular migration and invasion.Therefore, candidate agents that inhibit the kinase activity of an ALKresistance mutant can be selected based on the ability of the candidateagent to inhibit cell growth, stimulate cell death, inhibitanchorage-independent growth, and/or inhibit cell migration or invasionof cells expressing the activated ALK resistance mutant.

As used herein, “cell growth” refers to cell proliferation, celldivision, or progression through the cell cycle. “Cell death” includesboth apoptosis and necrosis. Such cell-based assays are known in the art(von Bubnoff et al. (2005) Blood 105:1652-1659; von Bubnoff et al.(2006) Blood 108:1328-1333; Kancha et al. (2009) Clin Cancer Res15:460-467; von Bubnoff et al. (2009) Cancer Res 69:3032-3041; vonBubnoff et al. (2005) Cell Cycle 4:400-406; each of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety) and described elsewhereherein (see Example 1).

Any method known in the art can be used to measure the growth rate of acell or an effect on cell survival, including, but not limited to,optical density (OD₆₀₀), CO₂ production, O₂ consumption, assays thatmeasure mitochondrial function, such as those utilizing tetrazoliumsalts (e.g., MTT, XTT), or other colorimetric reagents (e.g., the WST-1reagent available from Roche), assays that measure or estimate DNAcontent, including, but not limited to fluoremetric assays such as thoseutilizing the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258, assays that measure orestimate protein content, including, but not limited to, thesulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, manual or automated cell counts (with orwithout the Trypan Blue stain to distinguish live cells), and clonogenicassays with manual or automated colony counts. Non-limiting examples ofassays that can be used to measure levels of apoptosis include, but arenot limited to, measurement of DNA fragmentation, caspase activationassays, TUNEL staining, annexin V staining

“Anchorage-independent growth” refers to, in contrast to adherent normalcells that must adhere to the extracellular matrix (anchorage) for theirsurvival and growth, the general essential property of cancer cellscapable of growing even without such an anchorage. Methods for measuringthe anchorage dependence of cells are known in the art and includegrowing the cells in a soft agar medium or culturing cells underconditions in which spheroids (cell aggregates) can form. Such assaysare described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2008/0090776and 2009/0099193.

“Cell migration” refers to the movement of cells, which in someembodiments can be towards a target (e.g., growth factors), which isalso referred to as chemotaxis. “Cell invasion” refers to cellularmovement through a matrix, such as the extracellular matrix. Methods areknown in the art to measure cell migration and invasion, includingtranswell assays, wherein the movement of cells from one chamber to asecond chamber is measured through quantitation of the number of cellsin the second chamber. In variations of this assay, a chemoattractant isprovided in the second chamber and/or the chambers are separated by amatrix comprising various components of the extracellular matrix (e.g.,collagen).

Other assays that can be used to screen for an inhibitor of an ALKresistance mutant include the use of in vivo animal models (e.g.,xenografts) for a cancer associated with aberrant ALK activity thatexpress an ALK resistance mutant. The non-human animal model can be, forexample, a mouse (e.g., nude mouse), rat, or hamster. Cancer cellsendogenously expressing an ALK resistance mutant polypeptide or cellstransformed by the expression of the ALK resistance mutant can betransplanted subcutaneously, intradermally, or intraperitoneally or intoeach organ. A non-human transgenic animal that has been geneticallyengineered to express an ALK resistance mutant-oncogenic fusion protein,such as those described elsewhere herein, can also be used. The abilityof a candidate agent to inhibit ALK kinase activity can be confirmed byadministering the candidate agent by a variety of administrationmethods, such as oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitonealadministrations and measuring the volume or weight of the tumor of theanimal model or progression of the disease. Such methods are known inthe art and are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.2008/0090776 and 2009/0099193.

In some embodiments, screening assays for agents that inhibit the kinaseactivity of an ALK resistance mutant include screening for agents thatspecifically reduce the expression of a presently disclosed ALKresistance mutant or ALK resistance mutant-oncogenic fusion protein. By“reduces” or “reducing” the expression level of a polynucleotide or apolypeptide encoded thereby is intended to mean, the polynucleotide orpolypeptide level of the ALK resistance mutant is statistically lowerthan the polynucleotide level or polypeptide level of the same targetsequence in an appropriate control which is not exposed to the silencingelement. In particular embodiments, reducing the polynucleotide leveland/or the polypeptide level of the target sequence according to thepresently disclosed subject matter results in less than 95%, less than90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, lessthan 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5%of the polynucleotide level, or the level of the polypeptide encodedthereby, of the same target sequence in an appropriate control. Methodsto assay for the level of the RNA transcript, the level of the encodedpolypeptide, or the activity of the polynucleotide or polypeptide arediscussed elsewhere herein.

Thus, the present invention further provides methods and compositions toreduce the level of expression of an ALK resistance mutant byintroducing into a cell expressing the ALK resistance mutant a silencingelement that reduces or eliminates the level of expression of an ALKresistance mutant target polynucleotide or the polypeptide encodedthereby upon introduction or expression of the silencing element.Further, methods for screening candidate agents for those thatspecifically reduce ALK resistance mutant expression include introducinginto a cell expressing the ALK resistance mutant the candidate agent(e.g., silencing element) and determining the level of expression of theALK resistance mutant.

The expression of the ALK resistance mutant can be inhibited by anymeans known in the art, including the introduction of polypeptides thatinhibit the expression of the ALK resistance mutant, the introduction ofnucleotide sequences comprising silencing elements that encodepolynucleotides useful for transposon insertion into the ALK mutantgene, homologous recombination/genetic knock-out of the ALK mutant gene,silencing elements that encode zinc finger proteins that bind to an ALKmutant gene and reduce its expression, silencing elements that encodeantisense oligonucleotides or dsRNA molecules (e.g., shRNA, siRNA), ornucleotide sequences that encode antibodies or other polypeptides thatinhibit Nrl expression or activity.

In one embodiment, the silencing element encodes a zinc finger proteinthat binds to an ALK resistance mutant gene, resulting in reducedexpression of the gene. In particular embodiments, the zinc fingerprotein binds to a regulatory region of an ALK resistance mutant gene.In other embodiments, the zinc finger protein binds to a messenger RNA(i.e., transcript) encoding an ALK resistance mutant and prevents itstranslation. Methods of selecting sites for targeting by zinc fingerproteins have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,453,242,which is herein incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the expression of an ALKresistance mutant is reduced or eliminated by disrupting an ALKresistance mutant gene. The ALK resistance mutant gene may be disruptedby any method known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, the geneis disrupted by transposon tagging. In another embodiment, the gene isdisrupted by mutagenizing cells using random or targeted mutagenesis,and selecting for cells that have reduced ALK activity.

In one embodiment of the invention, transposon tagging is used to reduceor eliminate the expression of an ALK resistance mutant. Transposontagging comprises inserting a transposon within an endogenous ALKresistance mutant gene to reduce or eliminate expression of the ALKresistance mutant. In this embodiment, the expression of the ALKresistance mutant gene is reduced or eliminated by inserting atransposon within a regulatory region or coding region of the ALKresistance mutant gene. A transposon that is within an exon, intron, 5′or 3′ untranslated sequence, a promoter, or any other regulatorysequence of an ALK resistance mutant gene may be used to reduce oreliminate the expression and/or activity of the encoded ALK resistancemutant. In these embodiments, the silencing element comprises or encodesa targeted transposon that can insert within an ALK resistance mutantgene.

In other embodiments, the silencing element comprises a nucleotidesequence useful for site-directed mutagenesis via homologousrecombination with a region of an ALK resistance mutant gene.Insertional mutations in gene exons usually result in null-mutants. Theinvention encompasses additional methods for reducing or eliminating theactivity or expression of ALK resistance mutants, such as those thatinvolve promoter-based silencing. See, for example, Mette et al. (2000)EMBO J. 19: 5194-5201; Sijen et al. (2001) Curr. Biol. 11: 436-440;Jones et al. (2001) Curr. Biol. 11: 747-757.

As used herein, the term “silencing element” refers to a polynucleotide,which when expressed or introduced into a cell is capable of reducing oreliminating the level of expression of a target polynucleotide sequenceor the polypeptide encoded thereby. The silencing element can compriseor encode an antisense oligonucleotide or an interfering RNA (RNAi). Theterm “interfering RNA” or “RNAi” refers to any RNA molecule which canenter an RNAi pathway and thereby reduce the expression of a targetgene. The RNAi pathway features the Dicer nuclease enzyme andRNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) that function to degrade or blockthe translation of a target mRNA. RNAi is distinct from antisenseoligonucleotides that function through “antisense” mechanisms thattypically involve inhibition of a target transcript by a single-strandedoligonucleotide through an RNase H-mediated pathway. See, Crooke (ed.)(2001) “Antisense Drug Technology: Principles, Strategies, andApplications” (1st ed), Marcel Dekker; ISBN: 0824705661; 1st edition.

As used herein, the term “gene” has its meaning as understood in theart. In general, a gene is taken to include gene regulatory sequences(e.g., promoters, enhancers, and the like) and/or intron sequences, inaddition to coding sequences (open reading frames). It will further beappreciated that definitions of “gene” include references to nucleicacids that do not encode proteins but rather encode functional RNAmolecules, or precursors thereof, such as microRNA or siRNA precursors,tRNAs, and the like.

As used herein, a “target gene” comprises any gene that one desires todecrease the level of expression. By “reduces” or “reducing” theexpression level of a gene is intended to mean, the level of the encodedpolynucleotide (i.e., target transcript) or the encoded polypeptide isstatistically lower than the encoded polynucleotide level or encodedpolypeptide level in an appropriate control which is not exposed to thesilencing element. In particular embodiments, reducing the expression ofan ALK resistance mutant gene results in less than 95%, less than 90%,less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of thelevel of the ALK resistance mutant transcript or the level of the ALKresistance mutant polypeptide in an appropriate control (e.g., the samecell prior to the introduction/expression of the silencing element or asimilar cell at a similar stage in differentiation, same phenotype, samegenotype. etc.). Methods to assay for the level of the RNA transcript,the level of the encoded polypeptide, or the activity of thepolynucleotide or polypeptide are known in the art, and are describedelsewhere herein.

The term “complementary” is used herein in accordance with itsart-accepted meaning to refer to the capacity for precise pairing viahydrogen bonds (e.g., Watson-Crick base pairing or Hoogsteen basepairing) between two nucleosides, nucleotides or nucleic acids, and thelike. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of a firstnucleic acid is capable of stably hydrogen bonding with a nucleotidelocated opposite to that nucleotide in a second nucleic acid, when thenucleic acids are aligned in opposite 5′ to 3′ orientation (i.e., inanti-parallel orientation), then the nucleic acids are considered to becomplementary at that position (where position may be defined relativeto either end of either nucleic acid, generally with respect to a 5′end). The nucleotides located opposite one another can be referred to asa “base pair.” A complementary base pair contains two complementarynucleotides, e.g., A and U, A and T, G and C, and the like, whereas anoncomplementary base pair contains two noncomplementary nucleotides(also referred to as a mismatch). Two polynucleotides are said to becomplementary to each other when a sufficient number of correspondingpositions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides that hydrogenbond with each other, i.e., a sufficient number of base pairs arecomplementary.

The term “hybridize” as used herein refers to the interaction betweentwo complementary nucleic acid sequences in which the two sequencesremain associated with one another under appropriate conditions.

A silencing element can comprise the interfering RNA or antisenseoligonucleotide, a precursor to the interfering RNA or antisenseoligonucleotide, a template for the transcription of an interfering RNAor antisense oligonucleotide, or a template for the transcription of aprecursor interfering RNA or antisense oligonucleotide, wherein theprecursor is processed within the cell to produce an interfering RNA orantisense oligonucleotide. Thus, for example, a dsRNA silencing elementincludes a dsRNA molecule, a transcript or polyribonucleotide capable offorming a dsRNA, more than one transcript or polyribonucleotide capableof forming a dsRNA, a DNA encoding a dsRNA molecule, or a DNA encodingone strand of a dsRNA molecule. When the silencing element comprises aDNA molecule encoding an interfering RNA, it is recognized that the DNAcan be transiently expressed in a cell or stably incorporated into thegenome of the cell. Such methods are discussed in further detailelsewhere herein.

The silencing element can reduce or eliminate the expression level of atarget gene by influencing the level of the target RNA transcript, byinfluencing translation of the target RNA transcript, or by influencingexpression at the pre-transcriptional level (i.e., via the modulation ofchromatin structure, methylation pattern, etc., to alter geneexpression). See, for example, Verdel et al. (2004) Science 303:672-676;Pal-Bhadra et al. (2004) Science 303:669-672; Allshire (2002) Science297:1818-1819; Volpe et al. (2002) Science 297:1833-1837; Jenuwein(2002) Science 297:2215-2218; and Hall et al. (2002) Science297:2232-2237. Methods to assay for functional interfering RNA that arecapable of reducing or eliminating the expression of a target gene areknown in the art and disclosed elsewhere herein.

Any region of a transcript from the target gene (i.e., targettranscript) can be used to design a domain of the silencing element thatshares sufficient sequence identity to allow for the silencing elementto decrease the level of the polynucleotide or polypeptide encoded bythe target gene. For instance, the silencing element can be designed toshare sequence identity to the 5′ untranslated region of the targettranscript, the 3′ untranslated region of the target transcript, exonicregions of the target transcript, intronic regions of the targettranscript, and any combination thereof.

The ability of a silencing element to reduce the level of the targettranscript can be assessed directly by measuring the amount of thetarget transcript using, for example, Northern blots, nucleaseprotection assays, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, real-time RT-PCR,microarray analysis, and the like. Alternatively, the ability of thesilencing element to reduce the level of the polypeptide encoded by thetarget gene and target transcript can be measured directly using avariety of affinity-based approaches (e.g., using a ligand or antibodythat specifically binds to the target polypeptide) including, but notlimited to, Western blots, immunoassays, ELISA, flow cytometry, proteinmicroarrays, and the like. In still other methods, the ability of thesilencing element to reduce the level of the target polypeptide encodedby the target gene can be assessed indirectly, e.g., by measuring afunctional activity of the polypeptide encoded by the transcript or bymeasuring a signal produced by the polypeptide encoded by thetranscript.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that asilencing element can be prepared according to any available techniqueincluding, but not limited to, chemical synthesis, enzymatic or chemicalcleavage in vivo or in vitro, template transcription in vivo or invitro, or combinations of the foregoing.

Various types of silencing elements are discussed in further detailbelow.

In one embodiment, the silencing element comprises or encodes a doublestranded RNA molecule. As used herein, a “double stranded RNA” or“dsRNA” refers to a polyribonucleotide structure formed either by asingle self-complementary RNA molecule or a polyribonucleotide structureformed by the expression of least two distinct RNA strands. Accordingly,as used herein, the term “dsRNA” is meant to encompass other terms usedto describe nucleic acid molecules that are capable of mediating RNAinterference or gene silencing, including, for example, small RNA(sRNA), short-interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),micro-RNA (miRNA), hairpin RNA, short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and others.See, for example, Meister and Tuschl (2004) Nature 431:343-349 andBonetta et al. (2004) Nature Methods 1:79-86.

In specific embodiments, at least one strand of the duplex ordouble-stranded region of the dsRNA shares sufficient sequence identityor sequence complementarity to the target gene to allow for the dsRNA toreduce the level of expression of the target gene. As used herein, thestrand that is complementary to the target transcript is the “antisensestrand,” and the strand homologous to the target transcript is the“sense strand.”

In one embodiment, the dsRNA comprises a hairpin RNA. A hairpin RNAcomprises an RNA molecule that is capable of folding back onto itself toform a double stranded structure. Multiple structures can be employed ashairpin elements. For example, the hairpin RNA molecule that hybridizeswith itself to form a hairpin structure can comprise a single-strandedloop region and a base-paired stem. The base-paired stem region cancomprise a sense sequence corresponding to all or part of the targettranscript and further comprises an antisense sequence that is fully orpartially complementary to the sense sequence. Thus, the base-pairedstem region of the silencing element can determine the specificity ofthe silencing. See, for example, Chuang and Meyerowitz (2000) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4985-4990, herein incorporated by reference. Atransient assay for the efficiency of hpRNA constructs to silence geneexpression in vivo has been described by Panstruga et al. (2003) Mol.Biol. Rep. 30:135-140, herein incorporated by reference.

A “short interfering RNA” or “siRNA” comprises an RNA duplex(double-stranded region) and can further comprise one or twosingle-stranded overhangs, e.g., 3′ or 5′ overhangs. The duplex can beapproximately 19 base pairs (bp) long, although lengths between 17 and29 nucleotides, including 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28, and 29 nucleotides, can be used. An siRNA can be formed from two RNAmolecules that hybridize together or can alternatively be generated froma single RNA molecule that includes a self-hybridizing portion. Theduplex portion of an siRNA can include one or more bulges containing oneor more unpaired and/or mismatched nucleotides in one or both strands ofthe duplex or can contain one or more noncomplementary nucleotide pairs.One strand of an siRNA (referred to herein as the antisense strand)includes a portion that hybridizes with a target transcript. In certainembodiments, one strand of the siRNA (the antisense strand) is preciselycomplementary with a region of the target transcript over at least about17 nucleotides, 18 nucleotides, 19 nucleotides, 20 nucleotides, 21nucleotides, or more meaning that the siRNA antisense strand hybridizesto the target transcript without a single mismatch (i.e., without asingle noncomplementary base pair) over that length. In otherembodiments, one or more mismatches between the siRNA antisense strandand the targeted portion of the target transcript can exist. Inembodiments in which perfect complementarity is not achieved, anymismatches between the siRNA antisense strand and the target transcriptcan be located at or near the 3′ end of the siRNA antisense strand. Forexample, in certain embodiments, nucleotides 1-9, 2-9, 2-10, and/or 1-10of the antisense strand are perfectly complementary to the target.

Considerations for the design of effective siRNA molecules are discussedin McManus et al. (2002) Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 737-747 and inDykxhoorn et al. (2003) Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 4:457-467. Such considerations include the base composition of the siRNA,the position of the portion of the target transcript that iscomplementary to the antisense strand of the siRNA relative to the 5′and 3′ ends of the transcript, and the like. A variety of computerprograms also are available to assist with selection of siRNA sequences,e.g., from Ambion (web site having URL www.ambion.com), at the web sitehaving the URL www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Stu/shilin/rnai.html. Additionaldesign considerations that also can be employed are described inSemizarov et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100: 6347-6352.

The term “short hairpin RNA” or “shRNA” refers to an RNA moleculecomprising at least two complementary portions hybridized or capable ofhybridizing to form a double-stranded (duplex) structure sufficientlylong to mediate RNAi (generally between approximately 17 and 29nucleotides in length, including 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,27, 28, and 29 nucleotides in length, and in some embodiments, typicallyat least 19 base pairs in length), and at least one single-strandedportion, typically between approximately 1 and 20 or 1 to 10 nucleotidesin length that forms a loop connecting the two nucleotides that form thebase pair at one end of the duplex portion. The duplex portion can, butdoes not require, one or more bulges consisting of one or more unpairednucleotides. In specific embodiments, the shRNAs comprise a 3′ overhang.Thus, shRNAs are precursors of siRNAs and are, in general, similarlycapable of inhibiting expression of a target transcript.

In particular, RNA molecules having a hairpin (stem-loop) structure canbe processed intracellularly by Dicer to yield an siRNA structurereferred to as short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), which contain twocomplementary regions that hybridize to one another (self-hybridize) toform a double-stranded (duplex) region referred to as a stem, asingle-stranded loop connecting the nucleotides that form the base pairat one end of the duplex, and optionally an overhang, e.g., a 3′overhang. The stem can comprise about 19, 20, or 21 bp long, thoughshorter and longer stems (e.g., up to about 29 nt) also can be used. Theloop can comprise about 1-20, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 nt, about 4-10, or about 6-9 nt.The overhang, if present, can comprise approximately 1-20 nt orapproximately 2-10 nt. The loop can be located at either the 5′ or 3′end of the region that is complementary to the target transcript whoseinhibition is desired (i.e., the antisense portion of the shRNA).

Although shRNAs contain a single RNA molecule that self-hybridizes, itwill be appreciated that the resulting duplex structure can beconsidered to comprise sense and antisense strands or portions relativeto the target mRNA and can thus be considered to be double-stranded. Itwill therefore be convenient herein to refer to sense and antisensestrands, or sense and antisense portions, of an shRNA, where theantisense strand or portion is that segment of the molecule that formsor is capable of forming a duplex with and is complementary to thetargeted portion of the target polynucleotide, and the sense strand orportion is that segment of the molecule that forms or is capable offorming a duplex with the antisense strand or portion and issubstantially identical in sequence to the targeted portion of thetarget transcript. In general, considerations for selection of thesequence of the antisense strand of an shRNA molecule are similar tothose for selection of the sequence of the antisense strand of an siRNAmolecule that targets the same transcript.

In some embodiments, the silencing element comprises or encodes anantisense oligonucleotide. An “antisense oligonucleotide” is asingle-stranded nucleic acid sequence that is wholly or partiallycomplementary to a target gene, and can be DNA, or its RNA counterpart(i.e., wherein T residues of the DNA are U residues in the RNAcounterpart).

The antisense oligonucleotides of this invention are designed to behybridizable with target RNA (e.g., mRNA) or DNA. For example, anoligonucleotide (e.g., DNA oligonucleotide) that hybridizes to a mRNAmolecule can be used to target the mRNA for RnaseH digestion.Alternatively, an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to the translationinitiation site of an mRNA molecule can be used to prevent translationof the mRNA. In another approach, oligonucleotides that bind todouble-stranded DNA can be administered. Such oligonucleotides can forma triplex construct and inhibit the transcription of the DNA. Triplehelix pairing prevents the double helix from opening sufficiently toallow the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or regulatorymolecules. Such oligonucleotides of the invention can be constructedusing the base-pairing rules of triple helix formation and thenucleotide sequences of the target genes.

As non-limiting examples, antisense oligonucleotides can be targeted tohybridize to the following regions: mRNA cap region, translationinitiation site, translational termination site, transcriptioninitiation site, transcription termination site, polyadenylation signal,3′ untranslated region, 5′ untranslated region, 5′ coding region, midcoding region, and 3′ coding region. In some embodiments, thecomplementary oligonucleotide is designed to hybridize to the mostunique 5′ sequence of a gene, including any of about 15-35 nucleotidesspanning the 5′ coding sequence.

Accordingly, the antisense oligonucleotides in accordance with thisinvention can comprise from about 10 to about 100 nucleotides,including, but not limited to about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13,about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20,about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 30, about 40,about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, or about 100nucleotides.

Antisense nucleic acids can be produced by standard techniques (see, forexample, Shewmaker et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,065). Appropriateoligonucleotides can be designed using OLIGO software (Molecular BiologyInsights, Inc., Cascade, Colo.; http://www.oligo.net).

According to the methods of the invention, an ALK resistance mutant geneis targeted by a silencing element. As used herein, a target gene ortarget transcript is “targeted” by a silencing element when theintroduction or the expression of the silencing element results in thesubstantially specific reduction or inhibition in the expression of thetarget gene and target transcript. The specific region of the targetgene or target transcript that has substantial sequence identity orsimilarity or is complementary to the silencing element is the regionthat has been “targeted” by the silencing element.

The region of the ALK resistance mutant that is targeted by thesilencing element comprises the mutation that confers resistance to atleast one ALK kinase inhibitor. In specific embodiments, introduction orexpression of the silencing element specifically reduces the level ofthe ALK resistance mutant, meaning that the expression level of thenative or wild type ALK sequence is not affected or minimally affectedby the silencing element.

As discussed above, the silencing elements employed in the methods andcompositions of the invention can comprise a DNA template for a dsRNA(e.g., shRNA) or antisense RNA or can encode a zinc finger bindingprotein. In such embodiments, the DNA molecule encoding the dsRNA,antisense RNA, or zinc finger binding protein is found in an expressioncassette.

This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by theabove-described screening assays and uses thereof as described herein.Briefly, the ALK resistance mutant specific binding agents can be usedin methods for the detection of ALK resistance mutants and the diagnosisof cancers that are resistant to or are likely to develop resistance toat least one ALK kinase inhibitor. The ALK resistance mutant inhibitorsand silencing elements are useful in the treatment of patients havingsuch cancers.

Various methods and compositions for detecting a polynucleotide encodingALK resistance mutants or for detecting the ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide in a sample (e.g., biological sample) are provided. Abiological sample can comprise any sample in which one desires to detectthe polynucleotide encoding a particular ALK resistance mutant or themutant polypeptide. The term “biological sample” is intended to includetissues, cells, and biological fluids isolated from a subject, as wellas tissues, cells, and fluids present within a subject or lysatesthereof. The sample may comprise any clinically relevant tissue, suchas, but not limited to, bone marrow samples, tumor biopsy, fine needleaspirate, or a sample of bodily fluid, such as, blood, plasma, serum,lymph, ascitic fluid, cystic fluid or urine.

Methods for assaying a biological sample for an ALK inhibitor resistancemutation comprise contacting the biological sample with an anti-ALKresistance mutant antibody or other agent that specifically binds to theparticular ALK resistance mutant polypeptide, followed by the detectionof the binding of the antibody or binding agent to the ALK resistancemutant. The binding of the antibody or the binding agent to the ALKresistance mutant can be detected through the presence of a detectablelabel (e.g., radioisotope, fluorescent tag, enzymatic tag,chemiluminescent tag) conjugated to the antibody or binding agent orthrough the use of a labeled secondary antibody or secondary bindingagent that specifically binds the ALK-specific binding agent.Non-limiting examples of assays that can be used to detect an ALKresistance mutant polypeptide using a specific binding agent includeimmunoprecipitation, Western blot, ELISA, immunohistochemistry,immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry.

The present invention further provides methods for assaying a biologicalsample for an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation comprising contactingthe biological sample with a reagent comprising at least onepolynucleotide that can specifically detect or specifically amplify apolynucleotide encoding an ALK inhibitor resistance mutant (e.g., mRNAor genomic DNA), and detecting the polynucleotide that encodes themutant. The reagent can specifically detect or amplify genomic DNA thatencodes the ALK inhibitor resistance mutant or an RNA transcript thatencodes the mutant.

In one embodiment, a method for detecting a polynucleotide encoding anALK resistance mutant polypeptide or active variants and fragmentsthereof in a sample comprises contacting the sample with a primer paircapable of specifically amplifying an amplicon of a polynucleotideencoding an ALK resistance mutant polypeptide or an active variant orfragment thereof, amplifying and then detecting the amplicon. In certainembodiments, the amplicon is of a sufficient length to specificallydetect the polynucleotide encoding the ALK resistance mutant polypeptideor an active variant or fragment thereof.

In other embodiments, a method for detecting a polynucleotide encodingan ALK resistance mutant polypeptide or active variants and fragmentsthereof in a sample comprises contacting the sample with apolynucleotide capable of specifically detecting a polynucleotideencoding an ALK resistance mutant polypeptide or an active variant orfragment thereof, and detecting the polynucleotide encoding the ALKresistance mutant polypeptide or an active variant or fragment thereof.

In specific embodiments, the sample is contacted with a polynucleotideprobe that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to thetarget sequences to be detected. The sample and probes are thensubjected to stringent hybridization conditions and the hybridization ofthe probe to the target sequences is detected.

As used herein, a “probe” is an isolated polynucleotide to which isattached a conventional detectable label or reporter molecule, e.g., aradioactive isotope, ligand, chemiluminescent agent, enzyme, etc. Such aprobe is complementary to a strand of a target polynucleotide, which inspecific embodiments of the invention comprise a polynucleotide encodingan ALK resistance mutant. Deoxyribonucleic acid probes may include thosegenerated by PCR using ALK resistance mutant specific primers,oligonucleotide probes synthesized in vitro, or DNA obtained frombacterial artificial chromosome, fosmid or cosmid libraries. Probesinclude not only deoxyribonucleic or ribonucleic acids but alsopolyamides and other probe materials that can specifically detect thepresence of the target DNA sequence. For nucleic acid probes, examplesof detection reagents include, but are not limited to radiolabeledprobes, enzymatic labeled probes (horse radish peroxidase, alkalinephosphatase), affinity labeled probes (biotin, avidin, or steptavidin),and fluorescent labeled probes (6-FAM, VIC, TAMRA, MGB, fluorescein,rhodamine, texas red [for BAC/fosmids]). One skilled in the art willreadily recognize that the nucleic acid probes described in the presentinvention can readily be incorporated into one of the established kitformats which are well known in the art.

As used herein, “primers” are isolated polynucleotides that are annealedto a complementary target DNA strand by nucleic acid hybridization toform a hybrid between the primer and the target DNA strand, thenextended along the target DNA strand by a polymerase, e.g., a DNApolymerase. Primer pairs of the invention refer to their use foramplification of a target polynucleotide, e.g., by the polymerase chainreaction (PCR) or other conventional nucleic-acid amplification methods.“PCR” or “polymerase chain reaction” is a technique used for theamplification of specific DNA segments (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195and 4,800,159; herein incorporated by reference).

By “specifically detect” is intended that the polynucleotide can be usedas a probe that hybridizes under stringent conditions to apolynucleotide encoding an ALK resistance mutant or the polynucleotidecan be used in nucleic acid sequencing techniques to sequence the regioncomprising the ALK resistance mutant. By “specifically amplify” isintended that the polynucleotide(s) can be used as a primer tospecifically amplify an amplicon of a polynucleotide encoding an ALKresistance mutant. The level or degree of hybridization which allows forthe specific detection of a polynucleotide encoding an ALK resistancemutant is sufficient to distinguish the polynucleotide encoding the ALKresistance mutant from a polynucleotide that does not encode the recitedpolypeptide (e.g., native AKT; SEQ ID NO:1). By “shares sufficientsequence identity or complementarity to allow for the amplification of apolynucleotide encoding an ALK resistance mutant” is intended thesequence shares at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identity or complementarity to a fragment oracross the full length of the polynucleotide encoding the ALK resistancemutant.

Probes and primers are of sufficient nucleotide length to bind to thetarget DNA sequence and specifically detect and/or amplify apolynucleotide encoding an ALK resistance mutant. It is recognized thatthe hybridization conditions or reaction conditions can be determined bythe operator to achieve this result. This length may be of any lengththat is of sufficient length to be useful in a detection method ofchoice. Generally, 8, 11, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 40, 50,75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 nucleotides or more, or betweenabout 11-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400,400-500, 500-600, 600-700, 700-800, or more nucleotides in length areused.

As used herein, “amplified DNA” or “amplicon” refers to the product ofpolynucleotide amplification of a target polynucleotide that is part ofa nucleic acid template. For example, to determine whether thebiological sample comprises an ALK resistance mutation, the nucleic acidcomplement of the biological sample may be subjected to a polynucleotideamplification method using a primer pair that includes a first primerderived from the 5′ flanking sequence adjacent to an ALK resistancemutation, and a second primer derived from the 3′ flanking sequenceadjacent to the ALK resistance mutation to produce an amplicon that iscapable of distinguishing the ALK resistance mutant from native orwild-type ALK. The amplified polynucleotide (amplicon) can be of anylength that allows for the detection of the polynucleotide encoding theALK resistance mutant. For example, the amplicon can be about 10, 50,100, 200, 300, 500, 700, 100, 2000, 3000, 4000 nucleotides in length orlonger. Further, in some embodiments, the length or sequence of theamplified region (amplicon) of the polynucleotide encoding the ALKresistance mutant that allows for the specific detection of thepolynucleotide is sufficient to distinguish the polynucleotide encodingthe ALK resistance mutant from a polynucleotide that does not encode therecited polypeptide. A member of a primer pair derived from the flankingsequence may be located a distance from the resistance mutation. Thisdistance can range from one nucleotide base pair up to the limits of theamplification reaction, or about twenty thousand nucleotide base pairs.The use of the term “amplicon” specifically excludes primer dimers thatmay be formed in the DNA thermal amplification reaction.

Methods for preparing and using probes and primers are described, forexample, in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2.sup.nd ed, vol.1-3, ed. Sambrook et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y. 1989 (hereinafter, “Sambrook et al., 1989”); CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology, ed. Ausubel et al., Greene Publishingand Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992 (with periodic updates)(hereinafter, “Ausubel et al., 1992”); and Innis et al., PCR Protocols:A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press: San Diego, 1990.PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence, for example, byusing computer programs intended for that purpose such as the PCR primeranalysis tool in Vector NTI version 10 (Informax Inc., Bethesda Md.);PrimerSelect (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.); and Primer3 (Version0.4.0.COPYRGT., 1991, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research,Cambridge, Mass.). Additionally, the sequence can be visually scannedand primers manually identified using guidelines known to one of skillin the art.

The ALK inhibitor resistance mutation may be detected using a variety ofnucleic acid techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art,including but not limited to: nucleic acid sequencing; nucleic acidhybridization; and, nucleic acid amplification.

Illustrative non-limiting examples of nucleic acid sequencing techniquesinclude, but are not limited to, chain terminator (Sanger) sequencingand dye terminator sequencing. Chain terminator sequencing usessequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modifiednucleotide substrates. Extension is initiated at a specific site on thetemplate DNA by using a short radioactive, or other labeled,oligonucleotide primer complementary to the template at that region. Theoligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, standard fourdeoxynucleotide bases, and a low concentration of one chain terminatingnucleotide, most commonly a di-deoxynucleotide. This reaction isrepeated in four separate tubes with each of the bases taking turns asthe di-deoxynucleotide. Limited incorporation of the chain terminatingnucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNAfragments that are terminated only at positions where that particulardi-deoxynucleotide is used. For each reaction tube, the fragments aresize-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel or acapillary tube filled with a viscous polymer. The sequence is determinedby reading which lane produces a visualized mark from the labeled primeras you scan from the top of the gel to the bottom. Dye terminatorsequencing alternatively labels the terminators. Complete sequencing canbe performed in a single reaction by labeling each of thedi-deoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye,which fluoresces at a different wavelength.

The present invention further provides methods for assaying a biologicalsample for an ALK resistance mutation using nucleic acid hybridizationtechniques. Nucleic acid hybridization includes methods using labeledprobes directed against purified DNA, amplified DNA, and fixed cellpreparations (fluorescence in situ hybridization). Non-limiting examplesof nucleic acid hybridization techniques include the known methods ofSouthern (DNA:DNA) blot hybridizations, in situ hybridization and FISHof chromosomal material, using appropriate probes. Such nucleic acidprobes can be used that comprise nucleotide sequences in proximity tothe ALK resistance mutation. By “in proximity to” is intended withinabout 100 kilobases (kb) of the ALK resistance mutation.

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses alabeled complementary DNA or RNA strand as a probe to localize aspecific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (insitu), or, if the tissue is small enough, the entire tissue (whole mountISH). DNA ISH can be used to determine the structure of chromosomes.Sample cells and tissues are usually treated to fix the targettranscripts in place and to increase access of the probe. The probehybridizes to the target sequence at elevated temperature, and then theexcess probe is washed away. The probe that was labeled with eitherradio-, fluorescent- or antigen-labeled bases is localized andquantitated in the tissue using either autoradiography, fluorescencemicroscopy or immunohistochemistry, respectively. ISH can also use twoor more probes, labeled with radioactivity or the other non-radioactivelabels, to simultaneously detect two or more transcripts. In someembodiments, the ALK resistance mutant is detected using fluorescence insitu hybridization (FISH).

Specific protocols for nucleic acid hybridization are well known in theart and can be readily adapted for the present invention. Guidanceregarding methodology may be obtained from many references including: Insitu Hybridization: Medical Applications (eds. G. R. Coulton and J. deBelleroche), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (1992); In situHybridization: hi Neurobiology; Advances in Methodology (eds. J. H.Eberwine, K. L. Valentino, and J. D. Barchas), Oxford University PressInc., England (1994); In situ Hybridization: A Practical Approach (ed.D. G. Wilkinson), Oxford University Press Inc., England (1992)); Kuo etal. (1991) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 42:112-119; Klinger et al. (1992) Am. J.Hum. Genet. 51:55-65; and Ward et al. (1993) Am. J. Hum. Genet.52:854-865). There are also kits that are commercially available andthat provide protocols for performing FISH assays (available from e.g.,Oncor, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.). Patents providing guidance onmethodology include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,326; 5,545,524; 6,121,489 and6,573,043. All of these references are hereby incorporated by referencein their entirety and may be used along with similar references in theart.

Southern blotting can be used to detect specific DNA sequences. In suchmethods, DNA that is extracted from a sample is fragmented,electrophoretically separated on a matrix gel, and transferred to amembrane filter. The filter bound DNA is subject to hybridization with alabeled probe complementary to the sequence of interest. Hybridizedprobe bound to the filter is detected. Further, Northern blottingtechniques that are known in the art can be used to detect specific RNAsequences that encode an ALK resistance mutant.

Microarrays may also be used to specifically detect an ALK resistancepolynucleotide. Each array consists of a reproducible pattern of captureprobes attached to a solid support. Labeled RNA is hybridized tocomplementary probes on the array and then detected by laser scanning.Hybridization intensities for each probe on the array are determined andconverted to a quantitative value representing relative gene expressionlevels. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,040,138, 5,800,992 and6,020,135, 6,033,860, and 6,344,316, each of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

In hybridization techniques, all or part of a polynucleotide thatselectively hybridizes to a target polynucleotide encoding an ALKresistance mutant polypeptide is employed. By “stringent conditions” or“stringent hybridization conditions” when referring to a polynucleotideprobe is intended conditions under which a probe will hybridize to itstarget sequence to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences(e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions aresequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Bycontrolling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washingconditions, target sequences that are 100% complementary to the probecan be identified (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringencyconditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences sothat lower degrees of identity are detected (heterologous probing).Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length or lessthan 500 nucleotides in length.

As used herein, a substantially identical or complementary sequence is apolynucleotide that will specifically hybridize to the complement of thenucleic acid molecule to which it is being compared under highstringency conditions. Appropriate stringency conditions which promoteDNA hybridization, for example, 6× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC)at about 45° C., followed by a wash of 2×SSC at 50° C., are known tothose skilled in the art or can be found in Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6.Typically, stringent conditions for hybridization and detection will bethose in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion,typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) atpH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for shortprobes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for longprobes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions mayalso be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such asformamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridizationwith a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodiumdodecyl sulphate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 MNaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderatestringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C.Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50%formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to65° C. Optionally, wash buffers may comprise about 0.1% to about 1% SDS.Duration of hybridization is generally less than about 24 hours, usuallyabout 4 to about 12 hours. The duration of the wash time will be atleast a length of time sufficient to reach equilibrium.

In hybridization reactions, specificity is typically the function ofpost-hybridization washes, the critical factors being the ionic strengthand temperature of the final wash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, theT_(m) can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl (1984)Anal. Biochem. 138:267-284: T_(m)=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61(% form)−500/L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC isthe percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % formis the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L isthe length of the hybrid in base pairs. The T_(m) is the temperature(under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementarytarget sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T_(m) isreduced by about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T_(m),hybridization, and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize tosequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with ≧90%identity are sought, the T_(m) can be decreased 10° C. Generally,stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than thethermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence and itscomplement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severelystringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3,or 4° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); moderatelystringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8,9, or 10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); lowstringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 11, 12,13, 14, 15, or 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)).Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desiredT_(m), those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in thestringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherentlydescribed. If the desired degree of mismatching results in a T_(m) ofless than 45° C. (aqueous solution) or 32° C. (formamide solution), itis optimal to increase the SSC concentration so that a highertemperature can be used. An extensive guide to the hybridization ofnucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques inBiochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic AcidProbes, Part I, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, New York); and Ausubel et al., eds.(1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2 (GreenePublishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York). See Sambrook et al. (1989)Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.) and Haymes et al. (1985) In: NucleicAcid Hybridization, a Practical Approach, IRL Press, Washington, D.C.

Illustrative non-limiting examples of nucleic acid amplificationtechniques include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction(PCR), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), ligasechain reaction (LCR) (Weiss (1991) Science 254: 1292, hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety), strand displacementamplification (SDA) (Walker et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:392-396; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,270,184 and 5,455,166, each of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety), and nucleic acid sequencebased amplification (NASBA). The polymerase chain reaction (U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202, 4,800,159 and 4,965,188, each of which isherein incorporated by reference in its entirety), commonly referred toas PCR, uses multiple cycles of denaturation, annealing of primer pairsto opposite strands, and primer extension to exponentially increase copynumbers of a target nucleic acid sequence. For other variouspermutations of PCR see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202 and4,800,159; Mullis et al, (1987) Meth. Enzymol. 155: 335; and, Murakawaet al., (1988) DNA 7: 287, each of which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

Methods for designing PCR primers and PCR cloning are generally known inthe art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,Plainview, N.Y.). See also Innis et al., eds. (1990) PCR Protocols: AGuide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, New York); Innis andGelfand, eds. (1995) PCR Strategies (Academic Press, New York); andInnis and Gelfand, eds. (1999) PCR Methods Manual (Academic Press, NewYork). Methods of amplification are further described in U.S. Pat. Nos.4,683,195, 4,683,202 and Chen et al. (1994) PNAS 91:5695-5699. Thesemethods as well as other methods known in the art of DNA amplificationmay be used in the practice of the embodiments of the present invention.It is understood that a number of parameters in a specific PCR protocolmay need to be adjusted to specific laboratory conditions and may beslightly modified and yet allow for the collection of similar results.These adjustments will be apparent to a person skilled in the art.Thermal cyclers are often employed for the specific amplification ofpolynucleotides. The cycles of denaturation, annealing andpolymerization for PCR may be performed using an automated device,typically known as a thermal cycler. Thermal cyclers that may beemployed are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,473; 5,602,756;5,538,871; and 5,475,610, the disclosures of which are hereinincorporated by reference.

One illustrative detection method provides for quantitative evaluationof the amplification process in real-time. Evaluation of anamplification process in “real-time” involves determining the amount ofamplicon in the reaction mixture either continuously or periodicallyduring the amplification reaction, and using the determined values tocalculate the amount of target sequence initially present in the sample.A variety of methods for determining the amount of initial targetsequence present in a sample based on real-time amplification are wellknown in the art. These include methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,303,305 and 6,541,205, each of which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety. Another method for determining the quantityof target sequence initially present in a sample, but which is not basedon a real-time amplification, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,029,herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Amplification products may be detected in real-time through the use ofvarious self-hybridizing probes, most of which have a stem-loopstructure. Such self-hybridizing probes are labeled so that they emitdifferently detectable signals, depending on whether the probes are in aself-hybridized state or an altered state through hybridization to atarget sequence. By way of non-limiting example, “molecular torches” area type of self-hybridizing probe that includes distinct regions ofself-complementarity (referred to as “the target binding domain” and“the target closing domain”) which are connected by a joining region(e.g., non-nucleotide linker) and which hybridize to each other underpredetermined hybridization assay conditions. Molecular torches and avariety of types of interacting label pairs are disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 6,534,274, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Another example of a detection probe having self-complementarity is a“molecular beacon.” Molecular beacons include nucleic acid moleculeshaving a target complementary sequence, an affinity pair (or nucleicacid arms) holding the probe in a closed conformation in the absence ofa target sequence present in an amplification reaction, and a label pairthat interacts when the probe is in a closed conformation. Hybridizationof the target sequence and the target complementary sequence separatesthe members of the affinity pair, thereby shifting the probe to an openconformation. The shift to the open conformation is detectable due toreduced interaction of the label pair, which may be, for example, afluorophore and a quencher (e.g., DABCYL and EDANS). Molecular beaconsare disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,925,517 and 6,150,097, hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

Other self-hybridizing probes are well known to those of ordinary skillin the art. By way of non-limiting example, probe binding pairs havinginteracting labels, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,862(herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) might be adapted foruse in the present invention. Probe systems used to detect singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might also be utilized in the presentinvention. Additional detection systems include “molecular switches,” asdisclosed in U.S. Publ. No. 20050042638, herein incorporated byreference in its entirety. Other probes, such as those comprisingintercalating dyes and/or fluorochromes, are also useful for detectionof amplification products in the present invention. See, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 5,814,447 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Agents that can be used to specifically detect a presently disclosed ALKresistance mutant can be provided in a kit. As used herein, “kit” refersto a set of reagents for the identification, the detection, and/or thequantification of the polynucleotide encoding an ALK resistance mutantpolypeptide or detection and/or quantitation of the ALK resistancemutant polypeptide in biological samples. The terms “kit” and “system,”as used herein are intended to refer to at least one or more detectionreagents which, in specific embodiments, are in combination with one ormore other types of elements or components (e.g., other types ofbiochemical reagents, containers, packages, such as packaging intendedfor commercial sale, substrates to which detection reagents areattached, electronic hardware components, instructions of use, and thelike). Accordingly, the present invention further provides ALKresistance mutant detection kits and systems, including but not limitedto, packaged probe and primer sets (e.g., TaqMan probe/primer sets),arrays/microarrays of nucleic acid molecules, and beads that contain oneor more probes, primers, or other detection reagents for detecting oneor more ALK resistance mutant. The kits/systems can optionally includevarious electronic hardware components. For example, arrays (e.g., DNAchips) and microfluidic systems (e.g., lab-on-a-chip systems) providedby various manufacturers typically include hardware components. Otherkits/systems (e.g., probe/primer sets) may not include electronichardware components, but can include, for example, one or more ALKresistance mutant detection reagents along with other biochemicalreagents packaged in one or more containers.

In some embodiments, an ALK resistance mutant detection kit typicallycontains one or more detection reagents and other components (e.g., abuffer, enzymes, such as DNA polymerases or ligases, chain extensionnucleotides, such as deoxynucleotide triphosphates, positive controlsequences, negative control sequences, and the like) necessary to carryout an assay or reaction, such as amplification and/or detection of apolynucleotide comprising an ALK resistance mutation. A kit can furthercontain means for determining the amount of the target polynucleotideand means for comparing with an appropriate standard, and can includeinstructions for using the kit to detect the ALK resistance mutation. Inone embodiment, kits are provided which contain the necessary reagentsto carry out one or more assays to detect one or more of the ALKresistance mutations as disclosed herein. The ALK resistance mutationdetection kits/systems may contain, for example, one or more probes, orpairs of probes, that hybridize to a nucleic acid molecule at or nearthe ALK resistance mutation.

In specific embodiments, the kit comprises a first and a second primer,wherein the first and second primer amplify an amplicon comprising anALK inhibitor resistance mutation. In other embodiments, the kitcomprises at least one probe comprising a polynucleotide sequence thathybridizes under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide encoding anALK having an inhibitor resistance mutation.

Kits can also be used to detect an ALK inhibitor resistance mutantpolypeptide. In these embodiments, kits comprise an agent thatspecifically binds an ALK resistance mutant polypeptide, such as anantibody, in combination with one or more other types of elements orcomponents (e.g., other types of biochemical reagents, containers,packages, such as packaging intended for commercial sale, electronichardware components, wash reagents, reagents/chemical capable ofdetecting the presence of bounds specific binding agents, such asantibodies, of the kit).

In specific embodiments, the kit comprises a compartmentalized kit andincludes any kit in which reagents are contained in separate containers.Such containers include small glass containers, plastic containers orstrips of plastic or paper. Such containers allow one to efficientlytransfer reagents from one compartment to another compartment such thatthe samples and reagents are not cross-contaminated, and the agents orsolutions of each container can be added in a quantitative fashion fromone compartment to another. Such containers may include a containerwhich will accept the test sample, a container which contains theantibodies or probes used in the assay, containers which contain washreagents (such as phosphate buffered saline, Tris-buffers, etc.), andcontainers which contain the reagents used to detect the bound antibodyor the hybridized probe. Any detection reagents known in the art can beused including, but not limited to those described supra.

The methods for detecting an ALK resistance mutant can be used todiagnose a disease associated with aberrant ALK activity in a subject.Further, agents that inhibit the ALK resistance mutants that have beenidentified using the screening assays described herein can be used totreat such diseases. Diseases mediated by ALK activity include, but arenot limited to, diseases characterized in part by migration, invasion,proliferation and other biological activities associated with invasivecell growth. Such diseases include cancers. Thus, methods for diagnosingthe presence of a cancer that is resistant to or likely to developresistance to at least one ALK kinase inhibitor in a subject areprovided. Such methods can comprise assaying a biological sample from asubject for the presence of an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation usingany of the aforementioned methods, such as detecting the ALK resistancemutant polypeptide with a specific binding agent (e.g., antibody) ordetecting the ALK resistant mutation using a polynucleotide capable ofdetecting the same.

The term “cancer” refers to the condition in a subject that ischaracterized by unregulated cell growth, wherein the cancerous cellsare capable of local invasion and/or metastasis to noncontiguous sites.As used herein, “cancer cells,” “cancerous cells,” or “tumor cells”refer to the cells that are characterized by this unregulated cellgrowth and invasive property.

The term “cancer” encompasses all types of cancers, including, but notlimited to, all forms of carcinomas, melanomas, sarcomas, lymphomas andleukemias, including without limitation, cancers of the cardiac system:sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma),myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; cancers of the lung:bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell,undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar)carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatoushanlartoma, inesothelioma; cancers of the gastrointestinal system:esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma,lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas(ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoidtumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoidtumors, Karposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma,fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma,hamartoma, leiomyoma); cancers of the genitourinary tract: kidney(adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor [neplrroblastoma], lymphoma, leukemia),bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cellcarcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis(seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma,choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma,fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); cancers of the liver:hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma,angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma; cancers of the bone:osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibroushistiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma(reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumorchordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benignchondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma andgiant cell tumors; cancers of the nervous system: skull (osteoma,hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformians), meninges(meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma,medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma [pinealoma], glioblastomamultiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenitaltumors), spinal cord neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma);gynecological cancers: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervicalcarcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma[serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassifiedcarcinoma], granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli Leydig cell tumors,dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma,intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma),vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma(embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), fallopian tubes (carcinoma); hematologiccancers: blood (myeloid leukemia [acute and chronic], acutelymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferativediseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), Hodgkin'sdisease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [malignant lymphoma], anaplastic largecell lymphoma (ALCL); skin cancers: malignant melanoma, basal cellcarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's sarcoma, moles dysplasticnevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis; and cancersof the adrenal glands: neuroblastoma.

In certain embodiments, the cancer is a large B-cell lymphoma, malignanthistiocytosis, an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor sarcoma, anesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, a breast cancer, a colorectalcarcinoma, a non-small cell lung carcinoma, a neuroblastoma, a bladdercancer, a renal cancer, and a glioblastoma.

By “subject” is intended mammals, e.g., primates, humans, agriculturaland domesticated animals such as, but not limited to, dogs, cats,cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, and the like. In some embodiments, thesubject that is being diagnosed or treated is a human.

The methods can be used to diagnose a cancer in a subject not previouslyknown to have a cancer through the detection of an ALK oncogenic fusionprotein having an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation or a polynucleotideencoding the same using the detection methods disclosed herein.

The methods can also be used to diagnose a cancer that is resistant toor likely to develop resistance to at least one ALK kinase inhibitor ina subject that was previously known to have a cancer that is associatedwith aberrant ALK activity through the detection of an ALK inhibitorresistance mutant polypeptide or polynucleotide encoding the same usingthe detection methods disclosed herein. In these embodiments, the ALKinhibitor resistance mutant does not necessarily have to be part of anALK oncogenic fusion protein, as genomic amplifications or proteinoverexpression can lead to aberrant ALK activity and cancer development.Therefore, “aberrant ALK activity” refers to an increased ALK activity(that can be due to genomic amplification, protein overexpression oroveractivation, or the presence of a consitutively active ALK oncogenicfusion protein) that is sufficient to contribute to the developmentand/or maintenance of a cancerous state. Accordingly, a cancer that isassociated with aberrant ALK activity is one wherein the aberrant ALKactivity contributes to the development and/or growth of the cancer.

The ALK resistance mutant inhibitors that are identified through themethods disclosed herein can be used in the treatment of cancers havingan ALK resistance mutation. Additionally, agents that reduce theexpression of ALK resistance mutants (e.g., silencing elements) can beused to treat cancers having an ALK resistance mutation.

As used herein, “treatment” is an approach for obtaining beneficial ordesired clinical results. For purposes of this invention, beneficial ordesired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation ofsymptoms, partial or complete restoration of eyesight (e.g., centralvision, visual acuity), diminishment of extent of the disorder,stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of the disorder (e.g.,degeneration of cone photoreceptors), delaying or slowing of progressionof the disorder, amelioration or palliation of the disorder, andprevention of, inhibition of, or reduction of risk of developing aretinal disorder. “Treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment andprophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatmentinclude those already with the disorder (to prevent furtherdegeneration) as well as those in which the disorder is to be prevented.“Palliating” a disorder means that the extent and/or undesirableclinical manifestations of the disorder are lessened and/or the timecourse of the progression is slowed or lengthened, as compared to asituation without treatment.

In some embodiments, the ALK resistance mutant inhibitor is administeredalong with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which is referred toherein as a pharmaceutical composition. As used herein the term“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes solvents, dispersionmedia, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, and thelike, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Supplementaryactive compounds also can be incorporated into the compositions.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to becompatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routesof administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal,subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical),transmucosal, and rectal administration. In addition, it may bedesirable to administer a therapeutically effective amount of thepharmaceutical composition locally to an area in need of treatment(e.g., to an area of the body where inhibiting a T_(R) cell function isdesired). This can be achieved by, for example, local or regionalinfusion or perfusion during surgery, topical application, injection,catheter, suppository, or implant (for example, implants formed fromporous, non-porous, or gelatinous materials, including membranes, suchas sialastic membranes or fibers), and the like. In one embodiment,administration can be by direct injection at the site (or former site)of a cancer that is to be treated. In another embodiment, thetherapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition isdelivered in a vesicle, such as liposomes (see, e.g., Langer (1990)Science 249:1527-33; and Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy ofInfectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss,N.Y., pp. 353-65, 1989).

In yet another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of thepharmaceutical composition can be delivered in a controlled releasesystem. In one example, a pump can be used (see, e.g., Langer (1990)Science 249:1527-33; Sefton (1987) Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 14:201-40;Buchwald et al. (1980) Surgery 88:507-16; Saudek et al. (1989) N. Engl.J. Med. 321:574-79). In another example, polymeric materials can be used(see, e.g., Levy et al. (1985) Science 228:190-92; During et al. (1989)Ann. Neurol. 25:351-56; Howard et al. (1989) J. Neurosurg. 71:105-12).Other controlled release systems, such as those discussed by Langer(1990) Science 249:1527-33, can also be used.

Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, orsubcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterilediluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils,polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other syntheticsolvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methylparabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite;chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers suchas acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment oftonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted withacids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. Theparenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes,or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersions. For intravenous administration, suitablecarriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor®EL (BASF; Parsippany, N.J.), or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In allcases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extentthat easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditionsof manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, andliquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixturesthereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the useof a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requiredparticle size in the case of dispersion, and by the use of surfactants.Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In manycases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example,sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, in thecomposition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can bebrought about by including in the composition an agent that delaysabsorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the activecompound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or acombination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains abasic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation arevacuum drying and freeze-drying, which yields a powder of the activeingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previouslysterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed intotablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form oftablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be preparedusing a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound inthe fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated orswallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvantmaterials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets,pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the followingingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such asmicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, or gelatin; an excipientsuch as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid,Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate orSterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. For administrationby inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosolspray from a pressurized container or dispenser that contains a suitablepropellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermalmeans. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrantsappropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, forexample, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, andfusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can beaccomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. Fortransdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated intoointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. Thecompounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., withconventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and otherglycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers thatwill protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, suchas a controlled release formulation, including implants andmicroencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially fromAlza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions(including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonalantibodies to specific receptors) can also be used as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known tothose skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811.

A polynucleotide can be injected directly as naked DNA or RNA, byinfection using defective or attenuated retrovirals or other viralvectors, or can be coated with lipids or cell-surface receptors ortransfecting agents, encapsulated in liposomes, microparticles, ormicrocapsules, or by administering them in linkage to a peptide which isknown to enter the nucleus, by administering it in linkage to a ligandsubject to receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu (1987) J.Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432) (which can be used to target cell typesspecifically expressing the receptors) and so on. In another embodiment,polynucleotide-ligand complexes can be formed in which the ligandcomprises a fusogenic viral peptide to disrupt endosomes, allowing thepolynucleotide to avoid lysosomal degradation. In yet anotherembodiment, the polynucleotide can be targeted in vivo for cell specificuptake and expression, by targeting a specific receptor. Alternatively,the polynucleotide can be introduced intracellularly and incorporatedwithin host cell DNA for expression, by homologous recombination (Kollerand Smithies (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8932-8935; Zijistra etal. (1989) Nature 342:435-438).

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteralcompositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers tophysically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject tobe treated with each unit containing a predetermined quantity of activecompound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directlydependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and theparticular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitationsinherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for thetreatment of individuals.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, ordispenser together with instructions for administration.

When administration is for the purpose of treatment, administration maybe for either a prophylactic (i.e., preventative) or therapeuticpurpose. When provided prophylactically, the substance is provided inadvance of any symptom. The prophylactic administration of the substanceserves to prevent or attenuate any subsequent symptom. When providedtherapeutically, the substance is provided at (or shortly after) theonset of a symptom. The therapeutic administration of the substanceserves to attenuate any actual symptom.

It will be understood by one of skill in the art that the treatmentmodalities described herein may be used alone or in conjunction withother therapeutic modalities (i.e., as adjuvant therapy), including, butnot limited to, surgical therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy (e.g., withany chemotherapeutic agent well known in the art) or immunotherapy.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influencethe dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including but notlimited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments,the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseasespresent. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an ALK resistance mutant inhibitor can include asingle treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments. Itwill also be appreciated that the effective dosage of an ALK resistancemutant inhibitor used for treatment may increase or decrease over thecourse of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result andbecome apparent from the results of diagnostic assays as describedherein.

It is understood that appropriate doses of such active compounds dependsupon a number of factors within the knowledge of the ordinarily skilledphysician, veterinarian, or researcher. The dose(s) of the activecompounds will vary, for example, depending upon the identity, size, andcondition of the subject or sample being treated, further depending uponthe route by which the composition is to be administered, if applicable,and the effect which the practitioner desires the active compound tohave upon the ALK resistance mutant. Exemplary doses include milligramor microgram amounts of the small molecule per kilogram of subject orsample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50micrograms per kilogram. It is furthermore understood that appropriatedoses of an active agent depend upon the potency of the active agentwith respect to the expression or activity to be modulated. Suchappropriate doses may be determined using the assays described herein.When one or more of these small molecules is to be administered to ananimal (e.g., a human) in order to reduce the expression level oractivity of an ALK resistance mutant, a physician, veterinarian, orresearcher may, for example, prescribe a relatively low dose at first,subsequently increasing the dose until an appropriate response isobtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level forany particular animal subject will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, bodyweight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time ofadministration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, anydrug combination, and the degree of expression or activity to bemodulated.

Therapeutically effective amounts of an ALK resistance mutant inhibitorcan be determined by animal studies. When animal assays are used, adosage is administered to provide a target tissue concentration similarto that which has been shown to be effective in the animal assays. It isrecognized that the method of treatment may comprise a singleadministration of a therapeutically effective amount or multipleadministrations of a therapeutically effective amount of the ALKresistance mutant inhibitor.

Any delivery system or treatment regimen that effectively achieves thedesired effect of inhibiting cell growth can be used. Thus, for example,formulations comprising an effective amount of a pharmaceuticalcomposition of the invention comprising ALK resistance mutant inhibitoror ALK resistance mutant specific binding agents can be used for thepurpose of treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of a number of clinicalindications related to the activity of the ALK resistance mutant.

It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or moreof that entity; for example, “a polypeptide” is understood to representone or more polypeptides. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one ormore,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.

Throughout this specification and the embodiments, the words “comprise,”“comprises,” and “comprising” are used in a non-exclusive sense, exceptwhere the context requires otherwise.

As used herein, the term “about,” when referring to a value is meant toencompass variations of, in some embodiments ±50%, in some embodiments±20%, in some embodiments ±10%, in some embodiments ±5%, in someembodiments ±1%, in some embodiments ±0.5%, and in some embodiments±0.1% from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate toperform the disclosed methods or employ the disclosed compositions.

Further, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter isgiven as either a range, preferred range, or a list of upper preferablevalues and lower preferable values, this is to be understood asspecifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upperrange limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferredvalue, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where arange of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated,the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integersand fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of thepresently disclosed subject matter be limited to the specific valuesrecited when defining a range.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of skill in the artto which the invention pertains. Although any methods and materialssimilar herein can be used in the practice or testing of the presentinvention, the preferred methods and materials are described herein.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by wayof limitation.

EXPERIMENTAL Example 1 Identification and Characterization of PointMutations of ALK that Confer Resistance to Small-Molecule KinaseInhibitors

The murine cell line BaF3 was stably transfected with apcDNA3neo-NPM-ALK expression construct (the nucleotide and amino acidsequence of NPM-ALK is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 and 4, respectively).An NPM-ALK/BaF3 cell clone was isolated by limiting dilution for use ininhibitor-resistance screening. Screening for inhibitor-resistantcolonies was performed as previously described with minor modificationsincluding either intermittent or continuous exposures to the inhibitors(von Bubnoff et al. (2005) Blood 105:1652-1659; von Bubnoff et al.(2006) Blood 108:1328-1333; Kancha et al. (2009) Clin Cancer Res15:460-467; von Bubnoff et al. (2009) Cancer Res 69:3032-3041; vonBubnoff et al. (2005) Cell Cycle 4:400-406). Briefly, NPM-ALK/BaF3 cellswere cultured in 96-well plates at a density of 1×10⁵ cells per well inthe presence of various concentrations of the dual ALK/MET inhibitorPF-02341066 (Pfizer) or the ALK inhibitor compound NVP-TAE684 (Novartis)(Christensen et al. (2007) Mol Cancer Ther 6:3314-3322; McDermott et al.(2008) Cancer Res 68:3389-3395; Galkin et al. (2007) Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 104:270-275). Visible cell colonies were chosen, expanded, andsequence analysis was performed to identify the inhibitor-resistancemutations in the ALK kinase domain.

Table 2 lists each of the mutations that were identified. A total ofeighteen (18) mutational exchanges at 13 different amino acid positionsof the ALK kinase domain were identified. Each of the mutations wasreconstructed in BaF3 cells by site-directed mutagenesis of wild-type(WT) NPM-ALK (SEQ ID NO: 4) and shown to confer resistance toPF-02341066 compared to BaF3 cells expressing WT NPM-ALK. Of note, allof the mutations identified by selection using NVP-TAE684 also conferredresistance to PF-02341066 (data not shown).

TABLE 2 Mutations in the ALK kinase domain that when present in theNPM-ALK fusion protein confer resistance to inhibitor compoundsPF-02341066 or NVP-TAE684. Inhibitor Amino compound Number No. of acidNucleotide [concentration, Method of of Mutation Mutation* Mutation nM]selection colonies 1 G1123S GGC → AGC PF-2341066 [850] Continuous 14G1123S GGC → AGC PF-2341066 [950] Continuous 2 G1123S GGC → AGCPF-2341066 [1050] Continuous 1 G1123S GGC → AGC NVP-TAE684 [88]Continuous 5 2 G1123A GGC → GCC NVP-TAE684 [88] Continuous 5 3 E1129VGAG → GTG PF-2341066 [910] Continuous 1 4 E1132K GAA → AAA PF-2341066[910] Continuous 1 5 T1151M ACG → ATG PF-2341066 [850] Continuous 3 6C1156Y TGC → TAC PF-2341066 [910] Continuous 3 7 F1174C TTC → TGCPF-2341066 [750] Continuous 2 F1174C TTC → TGC NVP-TAE684 [88]Continuous 2 8 F1174I TTC → ATC PF-2341066 [750] Continuous 1 F1174I TTC→ ATC NVP-TAE684 [88] Continuous 2 9 F1174V TTC → GTC PF-2341066 [850]Continuous 1 10 F1174L TTC → CTC PF-2341066 [850] Continuous 1 11 L1196MCTG → ATG PF-2341066 [910] Continuous 2 12 G1202R GGA → AGA PF-2341066[750] Continuous 1 G1202R GGA → AGA PF-2341066 [850] Continuous 43G1202R GGA → AGA PF-2341066 [950] Continuous 2 G1202R GGA → AGANVP-TAE684 [88] Continuous 2 13 D1203N GAC → AAC PF-2341066 [525]Intermittent 1 D1203N GAC → AAC PF-2341066 [750] Continuous 28 D1203NGAC → AAC PF-2341066 [850] Continuous 40 D1203N GAC → AAC PF-2341066[950] Continuous 2 14 E1210K GAG → AAG NVP-TAE684 [88] Continuous 1 15G1269A GGA → GCA PF-2341066 [850] Continuous 1 G1269A GGA → GCAPF-2341066 [910] Continuous 1 G1269A GGA → GCA PF-2341066 [1100]Continuous 6 16 E1406K GAA → AAA PF-2341066 [850] Continuous 1 17 E1408KGAA → AAA PF-2341066 [750] Continuous 1 E1408K GAA → AAA PF-2341066[910] Continuous 1 18 E1406K/ GAA → AAA/ PF-2341066 [850] Continuous 1E1408K GAA → AAA *The position of the amino acid residue is relative tothe full-length ALK protein, the sequence of which is set forth in SEQID NO: 2.

Cytotoxic IC₅₀ determinations for PF-02341066 were performed by a 72-hrXTT assay as previously described (Lagisetti et al. (2009) J. Med. Chem.52:6979-6990) on the NPM-ALK/BaF3 cells containing each of theidentified mutations to confirm unequivocally that the mutations conferinhibitor resistance. Representative results showing the level ofresistance to cell death conferred by three of the ALK KD mutationsidentified are illustrated in FIG. 1. The IC₅₀ values for PF-02341066 isshown in Table 3. Each of the three mutations is associated with an IC₅₀for PF-02341066 higher than that of normal parental BaF3, indicatingthat the concentrations of PF-02341066 required to efficiently killtumor cells containing these mutations would likely be toxic to normaltissues.

TABLE 3 IC₅₀ value of PF-02341066 in parental BaF3 cells (none), or BaF3cells expressing native (wild type) NPM-ALK or NPM-ALK with one of theidentified inhibitor-resistance mutations. NPM-ALK IC₅₀ (nm) None 1460Wild type 460 L1196M 1960 G1202R 2060 D1203N 1490

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specificationare indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which thisinvention pertains. All publications and patent applications are hereinincorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individualpublication or patent application was specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forthherein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which theseinventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in theforegoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is tobe understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specificembodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments areintended to be included within the scope of the foregoing list ofembodiments and appended claims. Although specific terms are employedherein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and notfor purposes of limitation.

1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of: a) the nucleotide sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27, 29, 31, 98, 100, or102; b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forthin SEQ ID NO:6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 99, 101,or 103; c) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO:5 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequencehaving at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein thepolynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a serine residue at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1123 of SEQ IDNO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinaseactivity that is resistant to at least one anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK) small-molecule kinase inhibitor; d) a nucleotide sequence havingat least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:7 or a nucleotide sequenceencoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity toSEQ ID NO:8, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having analanine residue at the position corresponding to amino acid residueposition 1123 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide encodes apolypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor; e) a nucleotide sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequenceencoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity toSEQ ID NO:10, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having avaline residue thereof at the position corresponding to amino acidresidue position 1129 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant to atleast one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor; f) a nucleotide sequencehaving at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:11 or a nucleotidesequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the polynucleotide encodes apolypeptide having a lysine residue at the position corresponding toamino acid residue position 1132 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein thepolynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that isresistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor; g) anucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:13 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:14, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having a methionine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1151 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;h) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:15 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:16, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having a tyrosine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1156 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;i) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:17 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:18, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having a cysteine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;j) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:19 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:20, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having an isoleucine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;k) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:21 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:22, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having a valine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;l) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:25 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:26, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having an arginine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1202 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;m) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:27 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:28, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having an asparagine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1203 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;n) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:29 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:30, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having a lysine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1210 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;o) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:31 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:32, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having an alanine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1269 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;p) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:98 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having atleast 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:99, wherein the polynucleotideencodes a polypeptide having a lysine residue at the positioncorresponding to amino acid residue position 1406 of SEQ ID NO:2, andwherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;q) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:100 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence havingat least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:101, wherein thepolynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a lysine residue at theposition corresponding to amino acid residue position 1408 of SEQ IDNO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinaseactivity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinaseinhibitor; and, r) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO:102 or a nucleotide sequence encoding an aminoacid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:103,wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a leucineresidue at the position corresponding to amino acid residue position1174 of SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polynucleotide encodes apolypeptide having kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor.
 2. The isolated polynucleotide of claim1, wherein said polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of: a) the nucleotide sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO:33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, or104; b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forthin SEQ ID NO:34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64,or 105; c) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61,63, or 104, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide havingkinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALK small-moleculekinase inhibitor; and d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58,60, 62, 64, or 105, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptidehaving kinase activity that is resistant to at least one ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor.
 3. The isolated polynucleotide of claim2, wherein said polynucleotide further comprises a nucleotide sequenceencoding an ALK oncogenic fusion protein partner, and wherein saidpolynucleotide encodes an ALK oncogenic fusion protein.
 4. The isolatedpolynucleotide of claim 3, wherein said ALK oncogenic fusion proteinpartner is selected from the group consisting of nucleophosmin (NPM),non-muscle tropomyosin 3 (TPM3), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamideribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC), clathrinheavy chain (CLTC), TRK-fused gene (TFG), non-muscle tropomyosin 4(TPM4), moesin (MSN), Ran-binding protein 2 (RanBP2), echinodermmicrotubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4), cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase(CARS), kinesin family member 5B (KIF5B), non-muscle myosin heavy chain9 (MYH9), SEC31 homolog A (SEC31L1), and ring finger protein 213(RNF213)/ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17 (ALO17).5. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 4, wherein said ALK oncogenicfusion protein partner has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO:97.
 6. The isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein saidpolynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the groupconsisting of: a) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65,67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, or 106; b) anucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, or 107;c) a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO: 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, or 106,wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activitythat is resistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor;and d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an aminoacid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 66,68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, or 107, whereinthe polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having kinase activity that isresistant to at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor.
 7. Theisolated polynucleotide of claim 1, wherein said ALK small-moleculekinase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of PF-0234166,NVP-TAE684, staurosporine, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, CEP-14083, CEP-14513,CEP-28122, pyridone 14, pyridone 15, CRL151104A, and WZ-5-126.
 8. Theisolated polynucleotide of claim 7, wherein said ALK small-moleculekinase inhibitor is PF-02341066.
 9. An expression cassette comprisingthe isolated polynucleotide of claim 1 operably linked to a promoter.10. A host cell comprising the expression cassette of claim
 9. 11. A kitfor detecting an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation in a biologicalsample comprising a reagent comprising at least one polynucleotide thatcan specifically detect or specifically amplify the polynucleotideaccording to claim
 1. 12. A method for assaying a biological sample foran ALK inhibitor resistance mutation comprising contacting saidbiological sample with a reagent comprising at least one polynucleotidethat can specifically detect or specifically amplify the polynucleotideaccording to claim 1, and detecting an ALK resistance mutantpolynucleotide comprising said ALK inhibitor resistance mutation. 13.The method of claim 12, wherein said ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitoris selected from the group consisting of PF-0234166, NVP-TAE684,staurosporine, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, CEP-14083, CEP-14513, CEP-28122,pyridone 14, pyridone 15, CRL151104A, and WZ-5-126.
 14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein said ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor isPF-02341066.
 15. A method for diagnosing a cancer that is resistant toor likely to develop resistance to at least one ALK small-moleculekinase inhibitor in a patient having cancer that is associated withaberrant ALK activity comprising assaying a biological sample from saidpatient for the presence of an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, saidmethod comprising contacting said biological sample with a reagentcomprising at least one polynucleotide that can specifically detect orspecifically amplify the polynucleotide according to claim 1, anddetecting the presence or absence of an ALK resistance mutantpolynucleotide comprising said ALK inhibitor resistance mutation in saidbiological sample, wherein the presence of said ALK inhibitor resistancemutation is indicative of said patient having a cancer that is resistantto or likely to develop resistance to at least one ALK small-moleculekinase inhibitor.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofPF-0234166, NVP-TAE684, staurosporine, 7-hydroxystaurosporine,CEP-14083, CEP-14513, CEP-28122, pyridone 14, pyridone 15, CRL151104A,and WZ-5-126.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said ALKsmall-molecule kinase inhibitor is PF-02341066.
 18. A method fordiagnosing a cancer that is resistant to or likely to develop resistanceto at least one ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor in a subjectcomprising assaying a biological sample from said subject for thepresence of a polynucleotide encoding an ALK oncogenic fusion proteinhaving an ALK inhibitor resistance mutation, said method comprisingcontacting said biological sample with a reagent comprising at least onepolynucleotide that can specifically detect or specifically amplify thepolynucleotide according to claim 3; and detecting the presence orabsence of said polynucleotide encoding an ALK oncogenic fusion proteinhaving said ALK inhibitor resistance mutation in said biological sample;wherein the presence of said polynucleotide encoding said ALK oncogenicfusion protein having said ALK inhibitor resistance mutation isindicative of said subject having a cancer that is resistant to orlikely to develop resistance to at least one ALK small molecule kinaseinhibitor.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said ALK small-moleculekinase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of PF-0234166,NVP-TAE684, staurosporine, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, CEP-14083, CEP-14513,CEP-28122, pyridone 14, pyridone 15, CRL151104A, and WZ-5-126.
 20. Themethod of claim 19, wherein said ALK small-molecule kinase inhibitor isPF-02341066.